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Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Histopathological studies clearly showed the protective effect of extract against toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. The extract offered significant protection against histamine and acetylcholine aerosol-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. A significant decrease in total leukocyte and differential leukocyte count in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of the egg albumin-sensitized guinea pigs was observed after administration of the extract. Treatment with the extract for three days inhibited the hypersensitivity reaction. The extract dose dependently protected the mast cell disruption induced by p-Methoxy-N- methylphenethylamine. Alcohol extract of V. negundo therefore offers not only bronchodilation, but also decreases bronchial hyperreactivity, thereby providing protection against asthma (Patel et al. 2010).
Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
Many substances of different chemical nature are identified as neurotransmitters. Depending upon their chemical nature, neurotransmitters are classified into five groups: Amino Acids: These neurotransmitters mediate fast synaptic transmission and functions as inhibitory and excitatory in nature. Examples include GABA, glycine, glutamate, and aspartate (Ayano, 2016).Amines: These are chemically transformed amino acids. They mediate slow synaptic transmission. These also functions as inhibitory and excitatory in action. Examples include NA, adrenaline, DA, serotonin, and histamine (Ayano, 2016).Trace Amines: For example, phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, octopamine, tryptamine, etc.Peptides: For example opioid peptides, substance P, etc.Purines: For example adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine, etc.
Biocatalysts: The Different Classes and Applications for Synthesis of APIs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Schrittwieser et al. (2011, 2011a) reported the chemoenzymatic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine, berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Staring from N-methylphenethylamine and phenylacetic acid derivatives (a and b in the opposite scheme) rac-reticuline was prepared by chemical step. The subsequent enantioselective oxidative C–C bond formation, yielding (S)-scoulerine was achieved by the action of the flavin-dependent berberine bridge enzyme (BBE); (S)-scoulerine acts as a sedative and muscle-relaxing agent and is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor (Cheng et al., 2008). In 2014, Schrittwieser et al. developed a chemoenzymatic deracemization by means of a cascade reaction, involving two enantioselective oxidation steps and a non-stereoselective reduction reaction. For the latter they employed morpholin∙BH3 that worked better than the more often used NH3∙BH3. The enantioselective oxidations were catalyzed by a monoamine oxidase variant and BBE. The conversion of rac-benzylisochinolins to optically pure (S)-berbines was performed by stepwise or simultaneous addition of MAO, BBE and morpholino∙BH3, and yielded the products with conversions up to 98% and yields up to 88%.
The scoop on brain health dietary supplement products containing huperzine A
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Cindy Crawford, Yan-Hong Wang, Bharathi Avula, Ji-Yeong Bae, Ikhlas A. Khan, Patricia A. Deuster
Although 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1, 3-DMAA) was listed on the label for one product, it was not detected. Other stimulants including demelverine, caffeine, β-PEA, hordenine and N-methylphenethylamine were detected but not listed as an ingredient on the products’ labels. All these ingredients, whether reported on the product labels or not, are listed in Table 1.