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Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Studies regarding acute toxicity of AfL.s (active fraction of Lavandula stoeachas) specified that the plant, if consumed in large doses (greater than 400 mg/kg per oral), can result in seizures, hyperactivity, ataxia, hyperstimulation and sudden death. These harmful effects are because of the great doses of phenethylamine, which may have potentially toxic effects and are accountable for seizures, confusion, headaches, hallucinations and subsequently death in humans (Nelson et al., 2014). Tremors, headache, restlessness, aggression and diarrhoea are minor adverse effects, which may be noticed with the phenethylamine overdoses. Previous studies have stated that extremely toxic doses of phenethylamine (around 125–200 mg per kilogram intra-peritoneal) produced serious seizures and, at last, death because of the hyperstimulation of the brain and cardiac arrest. The LD50 for the active fraction of Lavandula stoechas was measured as 325 mg per kilogram per oral, which specified that it had an extensive pharmacological index (Dourish & Cooper, 1983; Mushtaq et al., 2021) (Figure 12.6).
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Phenylethylamine is metabolized to phenylacetic acid which is partly excreted in conjugated form. This compound may contribute to the action of phenylethylamine in the central nervous system. This observation is supported by the finding that the conjugation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid is deficient in some patients with catatonic schizophrenia (Figure 31).91
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Along with flavonoids and methylxanthines shared with other herbs, chocolate has some unique neurochemical properties. It contains significant amounts of phenylethylamine.2 This substance, which is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid phenylalanine, has long been suspected of having antidepressant effects.3 Chocolate also contains small amounts of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Other substances in chocolate similar in structure to anandamide may act on the enzymes systems in the brain to increase the levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain.4
Influence of fecal microbial transplant (FMT) between male and female rats on methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Amal Aburahma, Emma L. Stewart, Srishti Rana, Ray Larsen, Christopher S. Ward, Jon E. Sprague
The recreational use and distribution of the phenethylamine, psychostimulant methamphetamine (MA) continues to be an extremely serious problem in the United States and globally [1–4]. According to the 37th Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ (AAPCC) National Poison Data System (NPDS) published in 2020, the majority of the chemical poisoning death cases from the previous year was related to MA exposure and consumption, a trend that was also reported previously by the National Institute of Drug Abuse [5,6]. Additionally, MA was among the most frequently identified drugs in forensic cases by the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) for the NFLIS-Drug 2020 Midyear Report [1]. The use of MA is linked to several serious health issues including: psychosis, convulsions, the possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy and hyperthermia that results in rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, liver failure and death [4,7–9].
A more specific concept of a pharmacophore to better rationalize drug design, tailor patient therapy, and tackle bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Jessica Rubí Morán Díaz, Juan Alberto Guevara-Salazar, Roberto Issac Cuevas Hernández, José Guadalupe Trujillo Ferrara
The same phenomenon occurs not only with antibiotics, but also with other groups of drugs, such as catecholamines. Phenylethylamine, the molecular base of these drugs, is crucial for recognition and activity. Modifications in the side chain attached to the amine group of the molecular base can alter selectivity between ⍺ and β adrenergic receptors. The β receptor orientation is related to a larger volume of the substituent on the amine group and the α receptor orientation to a smaller volume of the same substituent. Some studies on drugs and substances with antagonist activity on α1A receptors have identified portions of molecules as pharmacophores involved in the recognition of the receptor and the production of a biological effect. Hence, it is essential to consider all available information on binding orientation and the structure-activity relationship to rationalize drug design [16,17].
Stimulant storm – state health department psychostimulant age-adjusted mortality rate correlates with psychostimulant-based Michigan Poison Center case exposures over time
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Varun Vohra, Andrew King, Sydney Daviskiba, Brian Reed, Sarah Rockhill, Perri Kern, Diana Dean
The burden of phenethylamine derivative use (e.g., amphetamine) is increasing globally, and the United States (US) has been disproportionately affected in terms of use, overdose, and death rates relative to other countries [1,2]. This psychostimulant-related morbidity and mortality appears to be driven by methamphetamine [1]. Among drug overdose deaths in 2017, methamphetamine was the fourth most frequently implicated drug in the US, behind fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine [3,4]. The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) has noted a corresponding exponential increase in psychostimulant-related overdose deaths since 2012. Meanwhile, the Michigan Poison Center (MiPC) has noticed a rise in psychostimulant exposures. Both state health department and MiPC data may in part be fueled by increasing psychostimulant prescriptions statewide [5]. We aimed to discern an association and subsequently quantify a relationship between amphetamine- and methamphetamine-related case exposures reported to the MiPC with psychostimulant age-adjusted mortality rates from MDHHS over time.