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Lemongrass
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Studies have demonstrated that the constituents of terpenoids in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus vary in accordance with the genetic variations, plant parts used, geographical origin, extraction methods, maturity stage and harvesting season (Idrees et al., 2012; Ewansiha et al., 2013). In spite of the variations mentioned, myrcene (Figure 18.2) continues to exist as a distinct constituent of this species in fluctuating quantities (Bossou et al., 2013; Kuete, 2017). However, Cymbopogon citratus has been stated to consist of a high quantity of citral around 80%, which is a blend of geranial and terpenoids neral and is accountable for the lemon-like smell that distinguishes the species (Kuete, 2017).Chemical structure of myrcene.
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Experimental studies have shown that myrcene easily autoxidizes on air exposure. The pure compound myrcene was found to be a non-sensitizer in animal experiments, but its oxidation mixture was sensitizing (unpublished data, cited in ref. 7). Myrcene is a minor allergen in tea tree oil. Of 61 patients allergic to tea tree oil and tested with a number of its ingredients in various studies, 10 (16%) reacted to myrcene (5).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Myrcene (70) is very widespread in nature. Some sources, such as hops, contain high levels and it is found in most of the common herbs and spices. All isomers of α-ocimene (84), β-ocimene (85), and allo-ocimene (86) are found in essential oils, the isomers of β-ocimene (85) being the most frequently encountered. Limonene (73) is present in many essential oils, but the major occurrence is in the citrus oils that contain levels up to 90%. These oils contain the dextrorotatory (R)-enantiomer, and its antipode is much less common. Both α-phellandrene (87) and β-phellandrene (88) occur widely in essential oils. For example, (−)-α-phellandrene is found in Eucalyptus dives and (S)-(−)-b-phellandrene in the lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. p-Cymene (83) has been identified in many essential oils and plant extracts and thyme and oregano oils are particularly rich in it. α-Pinene (65), β-pinene (76), and 3-carene (77) are all major constituents of turpentine from a wide range of pines, spruces, and firs. The pinenes are often found in other oils, 3-carene less so. Like the pinenes, camphene (89) is widespread in nature.
Machine learning techniques applied to the drug design and discovery of new antivirals: a brief look over the past decade
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Valtair Severino dos Santos Júnior, Jadson Castro Gertrudes, Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Kathia Maria Honorio
Sabatino et al. (2020) also experimentally evaluated compounds predicted from an in-house library with 90 extracted essential oils as potential HSV-1 inhibitors. Differently, in this study discriminant analysis and partial least squares (PLS) were conducted to distinguish active and inactive samples, as well as cytotoxic or low cytotoxic ones, respectively. The authors identified β-myrcene, limonene, 3-octanol, and chrysanthenone as crucial components in the essential oils and with biological potential. In addition, four of the five predicted essential oils presented anti-HSV-1 activity [165]. Finally, many other studies developed models or tools to predict broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Qureshi et al. (2015) also employed RF, in combination with SVM and other models, to discover antiviral peptides as broad-spectrum candidates. The authors used 759 compounds from antiviral peptides datasets and developed a new model at the time, the AVP-IC(50)Pred. The combination of RF and SVM models showed the best performance, with Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) greater than 0.5 (the best model showed PCC = 0.66 for 10-fold cross-validation and 0.74 for the independent dataset) [53].
The ‘entourage effect’ or ‘hodge-podge hashish’: the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Multiple terpenes are found in varying concentrations across cannabis chemovars and have been given special attention in the literature with regard to the EE; the prevailing speculation being that terpenes may serve as the otherwise ‘inactive’ plant components suggested by Mechoulam to modulate the effects of cannabinoids in WP-FS-BS products [3,4,5]. In one of the few actual demonstrations of terpene modulation of cannabinoid activity Jansen et al. have recently reported that β-myrcene – the highest concentration terpene by weight in many cannabis chemovars – interferes with CBD signaling at TRPV1 receptors through allosteric and possibly competitive mechanisms, though any therapeutic value in these observations is yet to be determined [28,29]. In any event, β-myrcene is associated with renal toxicity including carcinogenicity [30]. Other terpenes commonly found in cannabis include pulegone, which has been associated with both hepatic and pulmonary toxicity; caryophyllene oxide and carvacrol, which have demonstrated toxicity to mitochondria; and eucalyptol which has been associated with the precipitation of seizures [31,32,33,34]. In light of the many AEs attending this exceedingly abbreviated list of cannabis components, it’s hard not to wonder at the lack of research into how an EE might worsen each, particularly given the many exacerbations noted below.
Pomelo peel oil suppresses TNF-α-induced necroptosis and cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Wenyan Wang, Lu Xie, Xinsen Zou, Wanxiang Hu, Xinyue Tian, Gaoyang Zhao, Menghua Chen
TNF-α directly induces oxidative stress by activating ROS synthetases and activating nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (Fischer and Maier 2015; Ang and Ting 2019). In TNF-mediated necroptosis, RIPK1/RIPK3 is upregulated. The upregulation of RIPK1/RIPK3 is followed by the activation of p-MLKL, production of ROS and aggravation of cell injury (Yang et al. 2018). Recently, studies have reported that oxidative stress during CIRI depends (at least partly) on necroptosis (Li et al. 2020). Although there is no research to prove PPO related to necroptosis, He et al. (2019) reported that PPO showed antioxidant activity against the formation of superoxide anion radicals. Furthermore, many compounds in PPO also have been shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects. Shin et al. (2020) demonstrated that limonene has a neuroprotective function, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation to resist the neurotoxicity of the β-amyloid 42. Although there is no research on the relationship between nootkatone and ischaemic brain injury, there is evidence that it plays a neuroprotective role in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and reducing the inflammatory response (Qi et al. 2019). Furthermore, Burcu et al. (2016) confirmed that β-myrcene had neuroprotective effects on oxidative and neuronal injury mediated by global CA/reperfusion in C57BL/J6 mice and α-pinene also had been shown that antioxidant enzymes activity in ischaemic nerve injury (Khoshnazar et al. 2019). In this study, PPO showed a neuroprotective effect against CIRI. Since PPO suppressed the expression of TNF-α and necroptosis mediators, there may be a link between necroptosis and oxidative stress.