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BCG and Other Vaccines
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
SRL-172 is an inactivated whole cell non-tuberculous mycobacterial vaccine that has been evaluated in several clinical trials as an immunotherapeutic agent in combination with drug therapy.149 It was originally designated Mycobacterium vaccae by phenotypic methods, but has since been identified as Mycobacterium obuense. SRL-172 was shown to be safe and immunogenic in phase I and II studies in HIV-infected adults in Finland and Zambia.150,151 Although a phase III trial in South Africa found no efficacy in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB,152 a trial in Tanzania indicated that boosting childhood BCG with five doses of M. vaccae provided 39% protection against definite TB in HIV-infected adults.153 However, there was no protection against clinical/probable TB and insufficient numbers of volunteers reached the primary endpoint of disseminated TB to power a comparison between the vaccine and placebo arms. DAR-901 is a new BCG booster vaccine manufactured from the same seed strain as SRL-172 using a new scalable method. In a phase I dose-escalation trial, DAR-901 was safe and well-tolerated at all dose levels and did not result in IGRA conversion.154 A phase IIb trial for the prevention of infection (POI) in adolescents is underway in Tanzania (NCT02712424).
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The spiked phage MS2 was used as an indicator to examine the rapid dissemination of microorganisms from hospital floors to the hands of patients and to high-touch surfaces inside and outside of rooms (Koganti et al. 2016). Aerosols of the phage MS2 and Mycobacterium vaccae were used as surrogates by the performance of a duct-mounted air disinfection system in a hospital (Griffiths et al. 2005). The seeded phage MS2 was used by the investigation of the virus in a long-term 67-bed care facility using hygiene protocols in the United States (Sassi et al. 2015).
Alzheimer’s Disease, the Microbiome, and 21st Century Medicine
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Another promising therapeutic approach is to identify specific bacterial taxa that are associated with ameliorative biochemical and cognitive effects: for example, in one study, an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was associated with one species of Bifidobacterium (O’Sullivan et al., 2011). In another study, Mycobacterium vaccae immunization was associated with a reduction in the stress response and microglial activation, inducing an anti-inflammatory response in the central nervous system (Frank et al., 2018). Although this result was accomplished using standard immunization techniques, analogous approaches using various microbial species to alter microbiome-related immunity may be feasible. Given the large number of potential species, there are almost limitless opportunities for therapeutic neurochemical and immunological effects in neurodegeneration, and indeed this approach is highly promising.
Aerosol inhalation of Mycobacterium vaccae ameliorates airway structural remodeling in chronic asthma mouse model
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2022
Qian-Nan Zhang, Huan Xiao, Li-Ting Fang, Qi-Xiang Sun, Lao-Dong Li, Si-Yue Xu, Chao-Qian Li
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, also known as the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, Other studies have reported that β-catenin is closely related to the pathogenesis of asthma by regulating the development of airway remodeling.9Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae) is a type of acid-fast Mycobacterium with a two-way immune regulation function rich in protective antigens similar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can mediate protective immunity.10 Our previous studies have shown that nebulized inhalation of M. vaccae can have a protective effect on asthmatic mice,11 which was similar to the results of other studies.12 Despite the potential benefits of M. vaccae in protecting against asthma, its specific mechanism of action in asthma has not been elucidated. So, in addition to regulating airway inflammation to a certain extent, what is the role of M. vaccae in alleviating airway remodeling? No research reports have been reported so far. The major aim of this study was to explore the effect and the underlying mechanism of M. vaccae aerosol inhalation airway remodeling an asthma mouse model.
Mycobacterium vaccae nebulization protects Balb/c mice against bronchial asthma through neural mechanisms
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Xiao-Hong Jiang, Chao-Qian Li, Guang-Yi Feng, Ming-Jie Luo, Qi-Xiang Sun, Jianlin Huang
The etiology and pathogenesis of asthma are still unclear, and this condition can only be controlled, but not cured. The hygiene theory suggests that early infection is negatively correlated with bronchial asthma (10,11) and the tuberculin reaction is negatively correlated with the occurrence of allergic diseases (12–14). Studies have confirmed that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) can protect against allergic bronchial asthma (15). Mycobacterium vaccae, which is mainly composed of Mycobacterium proteins, is similar to BCG vaccine and is often used as an adjuvant treatment for tuberculosis (TB). M. vaccae immunotherapy may be effective in the treatment of pulmonary TB (16). Recent research studies have found that intranasal immunotherapy in combination with a mycobacterial adjuvant induces regulatory T cell differentiation and attenuates allergic responses in vivo (17).
Designing tuberculosis vaccine efficacy trials – lessons from recent studies
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Only a very few TB vaccine candidates have advanced as far as efficacy trials for prevention of TB in recent history. These include the inactivated whole cell vaccines, Mycobacterium indicus pranii (also called Mycobacterium w [21]), Mycobacterium obuense (‘SRL-172’; thought at the time to be Mycobacterium vaccae) [22] and the virus-vectored subunit vaccine candidate, MVA85A [23]. Additionally, a randomized, controlled Phase 3 trial of Mycobacterium vaccae in 10,000 participants was completed in 2017 in China by Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, evaluating a regimen of six injections to prevent TB disease in individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI; as determined by the tuberculin skin test), but results are not publicly available to the best of this author’s knowledge at the time of this writing (NCT01979900).