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Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) and Erythroxylum coca (Coca plant)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sashi Sonkar, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Azamal Husen
The E. coca leaf contains 0.7–1.5% of total alkaloids, with (-)-cocaine (pharmacologically active ingredient), a diester of (-)-ecgonine. Ecgonine has four chiral centers and is hence optically active. Other minor components of coca leaves include tropacocaine, methylecgonine, β-truxilline, α-truxilline, and cinnamonylcocaine (Christen, 2000). Cocaine was the most abundant alkaloid, accounting for 0.56% of the total dry weight, and other alkaloids include anhydroecgonine methyl ester (0.2% dry weight), ecgonine methyl ester (0.18% dry weight), trans-cinnamoylcocaine (0.4% dry weight), and cis-cinnamoylcocaine (0.7% dry weight) (Penny et al., 2009). Additional alkaloids also found in coca leaf in coca tea bags include hygrine, nicotine, dihydrocuscohygrine, cuscohygrine, ecgonine, hydroxytropacocaine, benzoylecgonine, and methylecgonine cinnamate (Jenkins et al., 1996). The leaves also had magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E, β-carotene, and protein, with lysine being the limiting amino acid (Penny et al., 2009). So far, 18 alkaloids from pyridines, pyrrolidines, and tropanes have been identified in a cultivated variety of E. coca (Novak et al., 1984). Several alkaloids were discovered and identified in the seeds of E. coca, including trans-cinnamoylcocaine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, cocaine, hexanoylecgonine methyl ester, benzoyltropine, N-norbenzoyltropine, cuscohygrine, ecgonine methyl ester, 3α-acetoxytropane, tropine, and methylecgonidine (Casale et al., 2005).
Sympathomimetics
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Coca leaves contain the alkaloids of ecgonine, tropine, and hygrine, of which only the derivatives of ecgonine are of commercial importance. Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgonine, the latter of which is related to the amino alcohol group found in atropine. The chemical structures of cocaine and related local anesthetics are illustrated in Figure 15.3. Structure of cocaine and related local anesthetics.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain 305 calories, 6.5 g H2O, 18.9 g protein, 5.0 g fat, 60.6 g total carbohydrate, 14.4 g fiber, 9.0 g ash, 1540 mg Ca, 911 mg P, 45.8 mg Fe, 41 mg Na, 2020 mg K, 11,000 μg β-carotene equivalent, 0.35 g thiamine, 1.91 mg riboflavin, 1.29 mg niacin, and 1 mg ascorbic acid.21 Leaves contain 0.4 to 2.5% alkaloids, with cocaine constituting half the total alkaloids. Also present are benzoylecgonine, cinnamylcocaine, ecgonine, hygrine, tropacocaine, truxilline, nicotine, methylecgonine, hy-groline. Young leaves may contain 0.13% methyl salicylate, also carotene, palmityl-beta-amyrin, and various acids,33 as well as isoquercitrin, quercitnn, and rutin.
Overview of analytical methods for determining novel psychoactive substances, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Jadwiga Musiał, Jakub Czarny, Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
Yeter (2017) relied on the SPE method to isolate 162 psychoactive substances and drugs from the blood with a recovery rate of 4.2–122%. Higher recovery rates were reported for benzodiazepines. The lowest recovery rates were noted for chlordiazepoxide, methylecgonine, metronidazole, paracetamol, CP 47.497, HU 210, and JWH 018 N-5-hydroxypentyl at 5.4%, 7.4%, 4.2%, 5.9%, 5.8%, 6.7%, and 5.4%, respectively. The highest recovery rates were obtained for Δ9-THC (122%), 5-F-AKB-48-4-hydroxypenttyl (118.6%), ADB-Pinaca (118.3%), Metoprolol (112.2%), and Imipramine (114%). Swortwood et al. (2013) analyzed a significantly smaller number of cathinones and other designer drugs in the blood with recovery rates in the range of 67.3–128.5%. These results suggest that extraction losses can be significantly reduced by focusing on a specific group of compounds. The lowest recovery rates were reported for 2 C-T-4 (69.5%) and 2 C-T-7 (67.3%), which was attributed to the presence of sulfur in the structure of these compounds. Recovery rates in excess of 100% were attributed to possible losses during the drying and enrichment phase.