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Scheme for Investigating Cases of Death due to Poisoning
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
Intentional throwing of corrosive poisons like acids on the face and person of targeted victims are also frequent in countries like India. Sedatives like chloral hydrate have been known to be mixed with alcohol for inebriating the effect. There are also instances of unintentional mixing of methyl alcohol with ethyl alcohol leading to fatalities. In parts of India, poisonous sap of vegetable origin is known to be administered to kill female infants (George, 1997). Although many of the cases involving vegetable poisoning in adults may not be reported (Rao, 2010), such poisons usually take longer time to act and hence are mostly used for suicidal purposes. The more common circumstances leading to fatalities by poisoning in India (Subrahmanyam, 1999; Rao, 2010) are presented in Table 11.1.
Alcohols and Aldehydes
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, Columbian spirits) is readily available at various concentrations in numerous industrial and household products, including windshield washer fluid and paint thinner. It is also used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and methyl t-butyl ether. Exposure to methanol commonly occurs in the workplace and in the household, and it is often intentionally ingested by alcoholics.
P
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Peritoneal Dialysis [Greek: peri, around + tenein, to stretch + dia, through + lysis, loosen] Investigated by Dutch physiologist Hartog Jakob Hamburger (1859–1924) in 1895 and German pathologist Friedrich Rudolf Georg Wegner (1843–1917) in 1877. A specific study was commenced in 1923 by G. Ganter. H. Heusser (1927), E. Haam (1932) and J. Fine (1946) used it as treatment for uremia, and it was later used for reaction to incompatible blood transfusion (1947) and poisoning. In 1950 it was used to treat intractable edema of nephritic syndrome by E. Benhamou and colleagues. It was employed to treat methyl alcohol intoxication by B. J. Stinebaugh in 1960. A plastic conduit for repeated lavage during dialysis was invented by John Putnam Merrill in 1962 and improved by Henderson in 1963. See pleural dialysis.
An efficient approach for development and optimisation of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles’ patch for transdermal delivery
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Fakhara Sabir, Maimoona Qindeel, Asim.ur. Rehman, Nasir Mahmood Ahmad, Gul Majid Khan, Ildiko Csoka, Naveed Ahmed
For the determination of the amount of drug in the freeze-dried powder, an indirect method for estimation of the drug was used. In the indirect method, the quantity of free drug molecules present in the supernatant was estimated after centrifugation at 13,500 rpm for 1 h and afterward, the pellets of nanoparticles were washed and filtered using distilled water. The free drug in the supernatant was analysed by UV-visible spectrophotometer at 418 nm. To evaluate the unknown drug concentration in different dilutions, the calibration curve was formulated. For this purpose, the stock solution of the drug was prepared by dissolving 1 mg of Curcumin in 50 ml of methyl alcohol. By withdrawing 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 ml and making dilution of each up to 10 ml with methyl alcohol to get concentration of 2, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4, 4.4, 4.8, 5.2 and 5.6 µg/ml correspondingly. Using methyl alcohol all dilutions were checked through UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 418 nm. Formulae used to calculate the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity are given below (Qindeel et al.2020a). A very small amount of supernatant was collected and diluted with methyl alcohol to measure the un-entrapped amount of curcumin in collected supernatant under UV-visible spectrophotometer at 418 nm (Siddiqui et al.2020).
The preparation, characterization of Lupeol PEGylated liposome and its functional evaluation in vitro as well as pharmacokinetics in rats
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Jun Zhang, Huali Liang, Hui Yao, Zhenpeng Qiu, Xinyan Chen, Xixi Hu, Junjie Hu, Guohua Zheng
Lupeol was supplied by Shanghai Yihe Biological Technology Co. Ltd (purity 98%, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was supplied by Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan). Sephadex G-50 was offered by Sinopharm Chemical (Shanghai, China). Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) was supplied by HyClone (Logan, USA). Hydrogenated Soybean Phospholipids (HSPC) was purchased from A.V.T (Shanghai, China). Trichloromethane and methyl alcohol were provided by Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc (Waltham, MA). The hepatoma cells (HepG2) were supplied by Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Cholesterol (Chol) was supplied by Solarbio Science and Technology Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). Water provided by a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Molsheim, France). Methoxy polyethylene glycol phospholipid (MPEG-DSPE2000) was obtained from Yarebio (Shanghai China). The fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methyl alcohol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Other reagents and solvents employed were of analytical grade.
Brain-targeted intranasal zaleplon solid dispersion in hydrophilic carrier system; 23 full-factorial design and in vivo determination of GABA neurotransmitter
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Eman Abd-Elrasheed, Sara Nageeb El-Helaly, Manal M. EL-Ashmoony, Salwa Salah
The nasal-cavity mucosa of the nostril of the sacrificed male albino rabbits in which low and high doses ZP-SD were administered, were compared with negative control nasal-cavity mucosa (the other nostril) of the same rabbit. Within 1 h of the sacrifice of the animal, the nasal cavity was fully exposed by a longitudinal incision through the lateral wall of the nose while avoiding the damage of the septum. Following, the mucosa was carefully removed and the pieces were washed with distilled water and preserved in 10% formalin solution [27]. The histopathological studies were conducted according to the protocol described by Bancroft et al. [28]. Briefly, the samples were dehydrated by treatment with serial dilutions of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and absolute ethyl alcohol, respectively. Specimens were cleared in xylene embedded in paraffin in the oven. The temperature of the oven was adjusted at 56 °C and the samples were kept for 24 h. Paraffin-beeswax tissue blocks were sectioned by a sledge microtome. The obtained tissue sections (3–4 μm thickness) were collected, de-paraffinized, stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under a light microscope.