China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Paper 4
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Regarding the treatment of threadworms, which one of the follow ing statements is false? a Mebendazole is the treatment of choice in adults and children older than 2 years.b Piperazine and senna is an alternative treatment and is only licensed for adult treatment.c Mebendazole needs repeating after 2–3 weeks if re-infection occurs.d All household members should be treated.e Environmental and personal hygiene measures are also important.
Gastroenterology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Mebendazole is the drug of choice (except for children under 1 year of age, for whom it is not recommended), or piperazine. The whole family should be treated and treatment repeated 2–4 weeks later to eradicate any worms hatched since first treatment.
Tropical Colorectal Surgery
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
Meheshinder Singh, Kemal I. Deen
Mebendazole is the treatment of choice in a dose of 100 mg twice daily for three days. It is both effective and relatively free from severe side effects. Several courses of the drug may be necessary to clear infection. Mebendazole, given in the second trimester of pregnancy, has been shown to be safe and effective.203
Pediatric Ocular Toxocariasis in Costa Rica: 1998-2018 Experience
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Joaquin Martinez, Gabriela Ivankovich-Escoto, Lihteh Wu
Currently, there are no treatment guidelines for the treatment of ocular toxocariasis. Our treatment decisions have evolved over the experience gained in the past two decades. In general, if the patient presented acutely and there was a chance that the Toxocara larva was still alive, thiabendazole was prescribed either alone or in combination with corticosteroids to decrease the inflammatory reaction. The role of anti-helminthic drugs remains unclear.19,20 Combination therapy of anti-helminthic and corticosteroids may be of use in specific cases.21 In a very small comparative trial, albendazole appeared to be more effective than thiabendazole in the treatment of patients with visceral or ocular larva migrans secondary to toxocariasis.20 In a slightly larger trial, mebendazole and diethylcarbamazine had similar therapeutic efficacy but mebendazole had a lower rate of adverse events. Despite these reports, it is unclear if these anti-helminthic drugs kill intraocular Toxocara larvae. A case report looked at the thiabendazole concentration in ocular fluids following oral administration of the drug. According to Maguire and collegues,22 anti-parasitic levels of the medication can be achieved intraocularly after oral ingestion. Our impression is that anti-helminthic drugs could have some use only in very acute cases, because once the granuloma is formed, or even before, the larva is already dead.
Infection-related stillbirth: an update on current knowledge and strategies for prevention
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Samia Aleem, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Hookworm infection is a known cause of anemia in women, and anemia during pregnancy is further associated with preterm deliveries, low birth weight infants and other adverse pregnancy outcomes [56]. Over 60% of stillbirths are secondary to maternal anemia, and severe anemia in particular, increases the odds of stillbirth by four-fold (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.8, 41.8) [57,58]. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator Americanus are the two hookworms that typically infect humans and cause anemia, along with Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) [11]. Nearly 250 million girls and adult women of child-bearing age live in areas that are endemic for these soil-transmitted helminths [11]. Therefore, deworming during pregnancy is an effective tool to reduce anemia, thereby preventing adverse birth outcomes. The benzimidazoles (albendazole and mebendazole) are the two main deworming medications used for preventive chemotherapy regimens [11]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found effective cure rates of albendazole and mebendazole against hookworm and roundworm, albeit low efficacy against whipworm [59]. The WHO recommends preventive chemotherapy using a single dose of albendazole or mebendazole for pregnant women, after the first trimester, in areas where the baseline prevalence of hookworm and/or whipworm is 20% or more in pregnant women and where the prevalence of anemia is 40% or higher in pregnant women [11].
Ascaris lumbricoides: challenges in diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies in a European refugee camp
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2018
Paul-Emile Claus, Anne-Sophie Ceuppens, Mike Cool, Gudrun Alliet
The roundworm A. lumbricoides is one of the most prevalent parasites belonging to the class of the STH. Infections are most common in developing countries with a tropical climate where sanitation and hygiene are poor. However, prevalence of ascariasis in industrialized countries is increasing because of immigration and increasing number of refugees. We report a case of ascariasis in a female patient who was admitted to our hospital after she had left the informal refugee camp of Calais in the North of France. After colonoscopic removal of the worm and treatment with mebendazole, during three days, the patient’s symptoms had completely resolved. We can conclude that medical treatment with benzimidazole derivatives is easy and inexpensive. To prevent parasitic infections in larger populations, MDA should be repeated periodically and must be implemented along with additional measures such as improvements to WASH. These WASH programs have been proven to be highly effective, but access and follow-up are expensive and very difficult to organize in refugee camps, even in wealthy, industrialized countries.