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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
D-Mannose: The sugar D-mannose was studied in 308 women with acute UTI and a history of recurrent UTI. Of the women who received D-mannose (2 gm/day for six months) only 15% had another UTI in six months compared to 60% in women with no prophylaxis.11
Urinary tract disorders
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Improving the hydration of care home residents seems to reduce the incidence of UTI diagnosis.66 This may reflect issues regarding misdiagnosis of UTI, i.e. wrongly suspected due to dark/pungent urine and a non-specific functional decline caused by dehydration, in this vulnerable group. Methenamine has an antiseptic action via formaldehyde formation in urine with pH < 6. However, there is very limited data available regarding the prevention of UTI in older people. Two RCTs performed in adults (mean age around 60) over 40 years ago suggested a reduction in bacteriuria but not symptomatic UTI or antibiotic usage.67 D-mannose is a sugar that could provoke protein glycosylation and the subsequent inhibition of bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells. It has been compared to nitrofurantoin or nothing in women with recurrent UTI (n = 308; median age 49; six-month follow-up).62 A similar benefit was found for reducing UTI recurrence compared to nitrofurantoin, both of which were better than nothing. Over 75% of infections were due to E. coli. Diarrhoea occurred in 8%. Drug adverse effects were most common with nitrofurantoin, where at least one adverse effect occurred in 27% of people. Limitations of the study include the lack of a placebo and all participants received a week of ciprofloxacin at start of study. Finally, cranberry juice has also been tried. However, a recent systematic review of available data did not support the use of cranberry products to prevent UTI.68
Respiratory, endocrine, cardiac, and renal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Osmotic diuretics are agents that inhibit the reabsorption of solute and water by altering osmotic driving forces along the nephron. Osmotic diuretics include mannitol, glycerin, isosorbide and urea. Mannitol, a hexahydric alcohol related to mannose, with a molecular weight of 182 daltons, is most commonly used [15].
Clot activators and anticoagulant additives for blood collection. A critical review on behalf of COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021
G. Lima-Oliveira, L. M. Brennan-Bourdon, B. Varela, M. E. Arredondo, E. Aranda, S. Flores, P. Ochoa
The additives, sodium fluoride and iodoacetate, are used to improve the accuracy of glucose determination by reducing glycolysis in vitro [147] (Figure 9). However, these additives should be used in combination with an anticoagulant additive – EDTA, oxalate, or heparin – with or without mannose. It should be noted that at least 3 h are required to stabilize the glucose in blood samples [148,149]. Mannose is a C-2 epimer of glucose and a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates, differing structurally from glucose in the configuration around just one carbon atom [150]. Thus, in vitro mannose is a competitive inhibitor of hexokinase with a short half-life (4 h) [151]. While fluoride is able to move rapidly across the erythrocyte membrane [152], the additives, fluoride and oxalate, do not completely prevent the in vitro decrease of glucose [153,154]. Sodium fluoride inhibits enolase [155,156] in the presence of inorganic phosphate; the fluorophosphate ion is the inhibitory species, which, when bound to magnesium, forms a complex with enolase and inactivates the enzyme [157]. It is noteworthy that samples collected with fluoride and oxalate show hemolysis [158], making the samples unsuitable for other assays.
Combined vaccines for prophylaxis of infectious conditions
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Pravin Shende, Mansi Waghchaure
The vaccine is composed of a carbohydrate polymer comprising mannose and influenza virus (flu) antigens in admixture. The flu antigens are obtained from either human or animal influenza virus-like avian flu or equine flu. The flu antigen is generally taken from the whole inactivated influenza virus. Mannose is a carbohydrate polymer, consists of mannan and more preferably oxidized mannan. Mannan is a polysaccharide which enhances the formation of some antibodies like IgG1, IgG2a and IgA in serum and IgA in mucosal sites and in the lung. Oxidized mannan is a non-toxic and an effective adjuvant combined with antigens for vaccination against infections which occur via mucosal membrane [26]. In the survey regarding the adjuvant effect of mannan in the vaccine, it is mentioned that no significant immunization was produced by mannan when used in a small quantity. Hence the study was carried out using varying levels of mannan concentration [27]. The intra-nasal administration of admixture showed that inactivated H1N1 mixed with mannan induced higher serum IgG and respiratory-tract IgA than H1N1 alone. The action is mannan dose-dependent and IgG1 and IgG2 were induced by the vaccination and it induces humoral and cellular immunity.
Pharmacodynamics of D-mannose in the prevention of recurrent urinary infections
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Arianna Pani, Lucini Valeria, Silvana Dugnani, Michele Senatore, Francesco Scaglione
Bacteria entering the urinary tract may induce symptomatic infections involving the kidney, such as acute pyelonephritis, or infections limited to the bladder, such as acute cystitis. The type of UTI resulting in a susceptible host partly depends on the combination of virulence factors of the infecting strain [16], including the ability to attach to human urinary tract epithelial cells. The urinary tract mucus membrane is coated with proteins that interfere with bacterial adhesion [17]. This is a bacterial virulence factor that promotes UTI, especially E. coli [18]. D-mannose is a monosaccharide that can be rapidly absorbed and excreted by the urinary tract and can prevent the adhesion of type 1 bacterial fimbria to the uroepithelium.