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Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saima Zulfiqar, Zunaira Naeem, Shahzad Sharif, Ayoub Rashid Ch., M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
There are many biocompatible MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, Ta4C3Tx, Nb2CTx, etc. As these have properties of charge transfer and hydrophilicity, these kill the microbes [70, 210, 211]. Titanium carbide MXenes are the cheapest and have no harmful effects (ecological and toxicological) on the environment, these are used most commonly [212]. It is need of time to synthesize the single-layer MXene flakes of nanometer size on the required surfaces. Many other materials that can be used instead of MXenes are metal oxides and metal-organic frameworks due to their porous nature as well as antiviral properties.
Crafting two-dimensional materials for contrast agents, drug, and heat delivery applications through green technologies
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Dwi Setyawan, Tahta Amrillah, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah, Fasih Bintang Ilhami, Diva Meisya Maulina Dewi, Zuhra Mumtazah, Agustina Oktafiani, Fayza Putri Adila, Moch Falah Hani Putra
MXenes is one of the fastest growing 2D materials. With general formula Mn+1XnTx, (n = 1-3), the structure of MXene consists of an initial transition metal layer (M), inserted with n carbon or nitrogen layers (X), and ends at a surface functional group (Tx/Tz), as illustrated in Figure 1(f). MXene has several M atomic ordering. In M2X the atomic order is different from M3X2 and M4X2, where M atoms follow the ABABAB ordering in M3X2 and ABCABC in M3X2 or M4X3 [31]. Therefore, MXenes could be found in many combinations of element to form various type of MXenes, such as Ti2C, Ti3C2Tx, Ti4N3Tx, Ti2SnC, Mo2C, V2CTx, etc. MXenes has unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, good mechanical stability, and excellent optical properties. MXene also exhibits good biological properties, a high surface area, good hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility making them suitable for drug loading/delivery, and other electronically related properties for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. Due to their attractive physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, this 2D material has attracted increasing research interest for applications in biomedicine and biotechnology [32].
Emerging theranostics to combat cancer: a perspective on metal-based nanomaterials
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Aakanchha Jain
MXenes are unique type of nanomaterial due to their potential physical as well as chemical properties. These are inorganic 2D materials containing transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides. The MXene represents Max phase (M) with transition metals and (X) shows nitrides/carbides and (A) shows elements like silicone and aluminum. The general formula for these nanomaterials is represented as Mn+1 AXn, where n is in the range of 1–3 [96–99]. It has been widely employed in biomedical applications and cancer theranostics due to its suitable biocompatibility along with optical and electric properties. MXenes are used in drug delivery systems, sensory probes, and auxiliary agents for photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications [96]. In one of the interesting works, Liu et al. [100] fabricated 2D MXenes for cancer theranostic applications. These MXene nanomaterials further linked with iron oxide NPs exhibited increased contrast in MRI of cancer. The biocompatibility of the prepared composite showed an excellent effect on clinical translation. Zong et al. [101] fabricated polyoxometalate-modified MXenes for cancer theranostics applications. The fabricated composites were given in hyperthermal treatment, along with diagnostic applications being served by CT/MRI for the tumor tissues. The MXenes were used as possible contrasting agents in CT/MRI. This allowed for both diagnostic imaging and hyperthermia treatment for cancer.