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III-Nitrides–Based Biosensing
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Manijeh Razeghi, Ryan McClintock
The nitrides of group-III metal elements or “III-nitrides” are commonly referred to as aluminum nitride (AlN), gallium nitride (GaN), indium nitride (InN), and their alloys, all of which are compounds of nitrogen—the smallest group V element in the Periodic Table and an element with one of the highest values of electronegativity. The III-nitride material system exhibits a direct band-gap energy that can be continuously tuned from 0.7 eV all the way to 6.2 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength range from 1.78 μm to 200 nm. This makes it ideally suited toward the realization of sources and detectors for UV florescence-based biodetection.
Utility-Based Designs
Published in Ying Yuan, Hoang Q. Nguyen, Peter F. Thall, Bayesian Designs for Phase I–II Clinical Trials, 2017
Ying Yuan, Hoang Q. Nguyen, Peter F. Thall
As with the EffTox design, when doing utility-based decision making in a clinical trial, we do not rely on alone to choose the regime for each new cohort. That is, motivated by ethical considerations, maximizing the posterior mean of a utility-based objective function, per se, is not enough to allow a regimen to be administered to patients. While the optimal regimen under a given utility function is mathematically well-defined, it is only an indirect solution of an optimization in expectation. An important case is that where it has been determined, based on n, that no regime is acceptably safe and efficacious, so it is not ethical to treat any patient using any regime, and the trial must be stopped. For example, simply maximizing u(ρ, Dn) ignores the undesirable but important possibility that all regimes are too toxic. In some applications, the decision-theoretic solution might turn out to have undesirable properties that were not anticipated when specifying the outcomes, model, and numerical utilities. This problem is one reason why many researchers are reluctant to use formal decision-theoretic methods for clinical decision making. Discussions of this issue are given by Spiegelhalter et al. (2004, Chapter 3.14) and Lee et al. (2015, Section 3.3). We thus include additional acceptability criteria that place limits on the probabilities of Efficacy and Toxicity.
Cardiovascular drugs
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Nitrates and nitrites can interact with amines either alone or in biological systems to form nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic in animals and are suspected of being carcinogenic in humans (e.g. N-nitrosodimethylamine; see p. 167). These nitrosamines occur in surface water as a result of fertilizer contamination, in industrial cutting fluids, in plastics and plasticizers, in toiletries, and in pesticides.
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
Nifurtimox 23 and Benznidazole 24 (Figure 6) are the two nitroheterocyclic chemicals approved for use in the treatment of Chagas’ disease, and their development occurred more than 50 years ago. Besides the toxic effect and resistance, the treatment is protracted (60–90 days) and has not been beneficial in chronic patients [82]. Benznidazole (BNZ) was another drug introduced to the market by Roche in 1971. Its use is constrained by adverse effects such as hepatitis, peripheral polyneuropathy, digestive intolerance, and anorexia, despite all that is a medicine available and clinically prescribed for treatment [82]. Here, we want to stress that other drugs, such as N-benzyl-2-nitroimidazole acetamide, nifurtimox (NFX), 3-methyl-4-[5 9-nitrofurfurylideneamine], had been commercialized, but due to their unwanted effects, such medications are no longer utilized in medicine.
Emerging theranostics to combat cancer: a perspective on metal-based nanomaterials
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Aakanchha Jain
MXenes are unique type of nanomaterial due to their potential physical as well as chemical properties. These are inorganic 2D materials containing transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides. The MXene represents Max phase (M) with transition metals and (X) shows nitrides/carbides and (A) shows elements like silicone and aluminum. The general formula for these nanomaterials is represented as Mn+1 AXn, where n is in the range of 1–3 [96–99]. It has been widely employed in biomedical applications and cancer theranostics due to its suitable biocompatibility along with optical and electric properties. MXenes are used in drug delivery systems, sensory probes, and auxiliary agents for photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications [96]. In one of the interesting works, Liu et al. [100] fabricated 2D MXenes for cancer theranostic applications. These MXene nanomaterials further linked with iron oxide NPs exhibited increased contrast in MRI of cancer. The biocompatibility of the prepared composite showed an excellent effect on clinical translation. Zong et al. [101] fabricated polyoxometalate-modified MXenes for cancer theranostics applications. The fabricated composites were given in hyperthermal treatment, along with diagnostic applications being served by CT/MRI for the tumor tissues. The MXenes were used as possible contrasting agents in CT/MRI. This allowed for both diagnostic imaging and hyperthermia treatment for cancer.
A Meta-Analysis of Calcium Intake and Risk of Glioma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Glioma and meningioma are the two most prevalent forms of primary central nervous system tumors, accounting for more than 80% of all cases (1). Glioma is a tumor that originates from brain glial cells and is the most common in primary brain tumors (2). Gliomas have a reasonably high incidence of 4–5/100,000 persons each year, with the highest occurrence in the sixth decade of life (3, 4). Aside from ionizing radiation and some genetic abnormalities, the risk factors for brain cancer remain unknown. Furthermore, other potential risk factors include exposure to chemical carcinogens in the environment and exposure to n-nitroso compounds in dietary factors (5–7). Despite the low frequency of adult brain cancer, the prognosis for brain cancer (particularly glioma) is dismal (8). Therefore, preventing the progression of glioma has become an important strategy to prevent and treat glioma.