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Natural Products Structures and Analysis of the Cerrado Flora in Goiás
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Lucilia Kato, Vanessa Gisele Pasqualotto Severino, Aristônio Magalhães Teles, Aline Pereira Moraes, Vinicius Galvão Wakui, Núbia Alves Mariano Teixeira Pires Gomides, Rita de Cássia Lemos Lima, Cecilia Maria Alves de Oliveira
Morel et al. (2011) showed the quantification of loganin (iridoid) in individuals plants collected in random areas of the Brazilian Cerrado, suggesting the great variation of loganin, which was most abundant in the plants collected in Luziania city (Goiás) whereas the lowest yields were in the plants collected in Jaguara city (Minas Gerais). Based on these finding the authors observed the variation on the loganin production occurred inside and among populations and they suggest that the concentration of iridoids in P. rigida plants are influenced by both genetic and environmental variability, supporting the great diversity from Cerrado plants due to environmental stress.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chopra et al.1,50 reported the presence of three new alkaloids, viz., α-and β-colubrine and pseudostrychnine, vomicine. The fruit pulp contains the glycoside loganin. Leaves contain the alkaloids brucine, strychnine, and strychnicine. The bark contains chiefly brucine and traces of strychnine, but no strychnicine. The younger bark contains 3.1% and the older bark shows 1.68% brucine.
Protecting Pancreatic β-cells from Metabolic Insults
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
In obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance, the pancreas has to secrete more insulin to normalize postprandial plasma glucose.239 Chronic stimulation of insulin secretion leads to a progressive deterioration in β-cell function and ultimately type 2 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals.55 Methanol fraction of fruits of Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. at a concentration of 25 µg/mL improved the viability of pancreatic BRIN-BD11 cells challenged with alloxan, streptozotocin, interleukin-1β or interferon-γ and boosted insulin secretion of pancreatic BRIN-BD11 cells challenged with glucose.240 7-O-galloyl-d-sedoheptulose from the fruits of Cornus officinalis Siebold. & Zucc. given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks from spontaneous type 2 diabetic obese db/db mice lowered glycemia by 10% and insulinemia by 30.1%.241 This treatment lowered, tumor necrosis factor a and TBARS to p values and lowered interleukin-6 and reactive oxygen species.241 This treatment increased pancreatic insulin contents.241 Furthermore, pancreas of treated rodents expressed lower levels of JNK and phosphorylated JNK as well as lower AP-1, nuclear factor-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthetase, transforming growth factor-β1 and fibronectin.241 The treatment reduced pancreatic fibrosis of db/db mice.241 Aqueous extract of fruits of Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. given orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day to streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague–Dawley for 4 weeks evoked a reduction of weight gain, fasting glycemia by 35% and triglycerides by 61.7%.242 This extract increased the number of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells.242 The iridoid glycoside loganin from the fruits of Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. prevented pancreatic damages as evidenced by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor as well as inhibition of nuclear factor-κB.243 Clinical trials are warranted.
Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of loganic acid isolated from seeds of Strychnos potatorum L. against heavy metal induced toxicity in PBMC model
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Alagarsamy Abirami, Simran Sinsinwar, Perumal Rajalakshmi, Pemaiah Brindha, Yamajala B. R. D. Rajesh, Vellingiri Vadivel
The free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in biological system is known as lipid peroxidation. It involves in the propagation of lipid radicals which could uptake oxygen in cellular system, remove double bond in unsaturated lipids and destruct membrane lipids to produce end products as hydroperoxides, cyclic peroxides and malondialdehyde (MDA). The MDA formation in HgCl2 exposed cells was 16.84 nmol, which revealed that mercuric chloride can induce lipid peroxidation in PBMC cells (Figure 7). However, MDA formation in PBMC was inhibited effectively by the loganic acid (0.84 nmol) and the standard eugenol (12.13 nmol). Loganic acid exhibited 95.01% inhibition of MDA formation in HgCl2 exposed PBMC cells, while only 39.51% of inhibition was recorded by eugenol. From this assay, it is observed that the isolated compound has high potential to prevent heavy metals induced lipid peroxidation. Similarly, lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential of terpenoid class of compounds such as α-pinene, β-cymene and 1,8-cineole isolated from Cupressus semipervirens, Thymus vularis and Eucalyptus globutus was reported by Aazza et al. (2011). In agreement to our results, loganic acid related compound iridoid glycoside (Negundoside) from Vitex negundo showed 69% inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Tasduq et al. 2008) and loganin revealed significant decrease in MDA level in serum and kidney tissues of mice (Liu et al. 2015).
Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yaoyao Kou, Zhihao Li, Tong Yang, Xue Shen, Xin Wang, Haopeng Li, Kun Zhou, Luyao Li, Zhaodi Xia, Xiaohui Zheng, Ye Zhao
Loganin is an iridoid glycoside that has antidepressant properties and is found in Cornus officinalis (Loganaceae). Loganin has been proved to reach the brain through the BBB (Li X et al. 2008). Microglia is potentially a therapeutic key of loganin for depression (Kalkman and Feuerbach 2016; Zhang L et al. 2018). In patients with depression, peripheral inflammation drives microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and causes microglia M1 polarization, resulting in more severe neuroinflammation. Hence, inhibition of microglia-induced neuroinflammation improves depression-like behaviour (Chan et al. 2019; Deng et al. 2020). By using cultured BV-2 microglia and an LPS-induced inflammation model, loganin was discovered to lessen inflammation by suppressing M1 polarization in microglia. According to network pharmacology, catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) is predicted to be a major node in the loganin-information-depression crossover network, with Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and the IL-17 signalling pathway linked to depression (Xia et al. 2021). In addition, loganin administration (12.5, 50 mg/kg) for 3 days significantly reduced resting time in the TST of adult male C57BL/6 mice and improved reserpine-induced hypothermia and ptosis. The in vivo experiments showed that increased 5-HTP levels (a precursor of 5-HT) induced head twitch responses, as well as significantly increased 5-HT levels in the PFC, hippocampus, and striatum (Pan et al. 2021). Treatment with loganin (40 mg/kg) for 10 days in the adult male Wistar rat model of depression and diabetes significantly lowered serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, shortened immobility in the FST, and restored weight growth and blood glucose alterations (Rajabi et al. 2018). Currently, research on the treatment of depression with loganin is scarce and still in its initial stages, so there is plenty of room for development.
Regulation of crystal induced inflammation: current understandings and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Paola Galozzi, Sara Bindoli, Roberto Luisetto, Paolo Sfriso, Roberta Ramonda, Anna Scanu, Francesca Oliviero
Moreover, CY-09 is able to block ATP, MSU, and nigericin-induced activation of caspase-1, resulting in a decrease of IL-1β production. OLT177 or Dapansutrile (a β-sulfonyl nitrile compound) was proved to have favorable outcomes in gouty arthritis, by directly binding NLPR3 and blocking its ATPase activity. Results from an open-label phase II, a clinical trial (EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT 2016–000943-14), proved the efficacy and safety of oral Dapansutrile in reducing neutrophils and monocyte infiltration in joints of gouty subjects [144]. By now, many other natural compounds, which can be commonly found in plants and other natural substances, have been evaluated in murine and in vitro models since they can potentially represent a treatment option or at least support the current available treatments. In this context, it is worth mentioning oridonin, the main component of a herbal plant Rabdosia rubescens; it was reported to interact with NACHT domain of NLPR3, exhibiting significant preventive and therapeutic effects on crystal-induced inflammation [145]. Loganin, an iridoid glycoside derived from seeds of Loganiaceae family and present in several herbs, was proved to inhibit in vitro NLRP3 in bone-marrow-derived primary mouse macrophages (BMDMs), by preventing the cleavage of procaspase- 1 to caspase-1 and the degradation of pro-IL-1β to mature IL-1β. In addition, the oral administration of loganin could alleviate MSU crystal-induced inflammatory symptoms and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a mouse gouty model [146]. Similarly, Baeckein E (BF-2), isolated from Baeckea frutescens L., is known to have anti-inflammatory properties since it can hamper NLRP3 assembly, by binding to ASC and caspase I. Moreover, the inhibition of MAPK and NFkb pathways and the suppression of pyroptosis were proposed as mechanisms of IL-1β blockade. The administration of BF2 was evaluated as a possible treatment for gout since it was associated with a reduction in ankle swelling, in murine models [147].