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Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Tyramine is a biochemical widely found in foods and beverages such as meat, cheese, fermented foods, beans, peanuts, bananas, nuts, chocolate, and red wine. It has a significant interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These drugs are used to treat depression and Parkinson’s disease. Linezolid, a newer oxazolidinone antibiotic, has some MAOI properties, thus showing characteristics and potential for this interaction (22, 24). Therefore, linezolid should be used cautiously in patients taking serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Lastly, isoniazid, a mainstay in the treatment of tuberculosis, also exhibits MAOI effects and should not be taken with tyramine-containing foods (24).
Linezolid
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Linezolid has been used for the treatment of a range of infections. A number of randomized controlled trials comparing linezolid with comparator drugs (usually vancomycin or beta-lactams) have been performed in adults and children for a number of clinical syndromes; these are summarized in Table 73.5. Linezolid has no activity against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, and treatment trials have usually included antimicrobials with activity against Gram-negative bacteria if these organisms could be involved in the clinical infection. Similarly, when using linezolid empirically to treat patients with clinical infections for which Gram-negative bacteria could play a role, the addition of antimicrobials with activity against Gram-negative bacteria is required.
100 MCQs from Dr. Michael Reilly and Colleagues
Published in David Browne, Selena Morgan Pillay, Guy Molyneaux, Brenda Wright, Bangaru Raju, Ijaz Hussein, Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Michael Reilly, MCQs for the New MRCPsych Paper A, 2017
Dr Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Dr Udumaga Ejike, Dr Ijaz Hussein, Dr Atif All Magbool, Dr Gary McDonald
Serotonin syndrome is a rare but serious condition characterised by excess serotonergic activity. Symptoms include confusion, muscle rigidity, hyperreflexia and GI upset. Other symptoms include hyperthermia and fluctuation of blood pressure. Linezolid is an antibiotic used in treatment of gram-positive bacteria. It has weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and interaction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor has been documented. (27, 29)
Individualized precision dosing approaches to optimize antimicrobial therapy in pediatric populations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Quyen Tu, Menino Cotta, Sainath Raman, Nicolette Graham, Luregn Schlapbach, Jason A Roberts
In direct contrast, weight-normalized drug Cl may be increased in older infants and children when compared to adolescents and adults [54], as shown in studies whereby imipenem and ciprofloxacin were cleared approximately two- and four-fold faster in children compared to adults, respectively [55,56]. The presence of high drug Cl and increased Vd has led to far higher weight-based dosing recommendations for gentamicin, in infants and children under five years versus those over 10 years [57,58]. A vancomycin population PK study in individuals from 24 weeks of age to over 100 years old has revealed that children from 3 to 16 years gain the highest size-corrected Cl (>5.05 Lh−170 kg−1), which gradually diminishes during adulthood to roughly 50% at 61 years of age [59]. Further, this study has highlighted that, when based on the dosing regimen in the FDA-approved label, children and adolescents were at the highest risk of inadequate vancomycin exposure. The same holds true for linezolid. An early study showing a 2.5-fold higher Cl of linezolid in children than in adults has guided the requirement of an eight-hourly dosing frequency in children as compared to a twice daily dosing regimen in adults [30]. More recent PK studies have indicated that children less than 12 years of age in fact display a five-fold faster Cl compared to adults, resulting in suboptimal exposure at current standard dosing [60,61].
Linezolid use and drug-induced liver injury
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Prosthetic joint infections are often colonized by multidrug-resistant bacteria, requiring prolonged use of antibiotics for infection suppression. Due to its excellent oral bioavailability and wide spectrum of action, linezolid is frequently prescribed in this patient population. While linezolid is well tolerated, patients often describe mild gastrointestinal side effects. More serious side effects including bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, liver dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy occur infrequently. As prolonged use is recommended for prosthetic joint infections, it is imperative that physicians remain vigilant to these rarer side effects. We present an unusual case of linezolid toxicity presenting as multiorgan failure with a rare constellation of adverse effects including bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, and drug-induced liver injury.
Safety considerations of current drug treatment strategies for nosocomial pneumonia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Adrian Ceccato, Pierluigi Di Giannatale, Stefano Nogas, Antoni Torres
There are three main classes of side effects. First, treatment with linezolid may cause peripheral or optical neuropathy when administered for a long time (>28 days), although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Peripheral neuropathy presents with paresthesia or ataxia whereas optic neuropathy may present with sudden-onset, bilateral, central vision loss with progressively decreases in visual acuity and color vision. Treatment must be stopped in these instances [103]. Second, cytopenia may occur, typically presenting as anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia; these tend to be dose and time-dependent [103,104], and the main risk factors are a high Charlson comorbidity index and long treatment duration (each complete week of treatment increases the risk by 33%) [105]. Third, because linezolid is a weak, reversible, competitive, nonspecific inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, the serotonin syndrome may develop, especially in patients using antidepressants or illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine). Finally, a few other side effects may occur with linezolid use, including lactic acidosis and liver enzyme elevations [103].