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Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Common insecticides in bait products include, among others, abamectin, boric acid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, hydramethylnon, indoxacarb, and pyriproxyfen. The availability of effective baits has revolutionized cockroach control and dramatically increased the effectiveness of interventions and allergen reduction. Cockroach population reductions of 95%–100% are common when baits are properly deployed and multiple sticky traps are used during the intervention to guide bait placement, determine amount, assess efficacy, and steer further actions [10,110,112]. Although baits have been shown to be highly effective, and cockroach control alone can significantly reduce cockroach allergens in infested homes [110,113], an integrated intervention should include cleaning, vacuuming, making repairs to eliminate water and hiding places, and improving sanitation (Table 15.4). The extent of cockroach allergen stability and allergen persistence in the environment following cockroach eradication measures is unknown, so thorough cleaning and vacuuming are especially recommended after cockroaches have been eliminated to remove cockroach allergen found in feces, cast cuticles, and body parts from the environment.
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Some UGTs detoxify insecticides with different chemical structures and could thus be responsible for cross-resistance and/or multi-resistance in insect species, e.g. four Spodoptera UGT genes were significantly co-upregulated by the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone, and indoxacarb (Hu, Hu, et al. 2019). Chen et al. (2019) tested the involvement of two UGTs (UGT344B4 and UGT344C7) previously identified as having higher expression in resistant field populations of A. gossyppi, an aphid with resistance to multiple insecticides. Various types of cross-resistance were confirmed, e.g. cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor was detected in a field-originated imidacloprid-resistant population (Chen et al. 2019). Furthermore, the involvement of specific UGT(s) in resistance to multiple insecticides, e.g., UGT344B4 in A. gossyppi confirms resistance to thimethoxam (Pan et al. 2018), sulfoxaflor (Ma et al. 2021), and imidacloprid (Chen et al. 2019), suggests that the involvement of UGTs is a general resistance mechanism, one which should be taken into consideration in designing new chemicals or repurposing them. On the other hand, a detailed study of UGTs in the Chinese honeybee (A. cerana cerana) revealed the beneficial effect of UGTs in the battle against pesticides that represent serious threat to these pollinators (Cui et al. 2020).
Effects of pesticide NeemAzal-T/S on thyroid, stress hormone and some cytokines levels in freshwater common carp, Cyprinus carpio L
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Changes in the nervous and endocrine systems of fish after an attack of stress have consequences for their immune system and therefore it affects their ability to maintain immune competence (Tort et al.2004). Cytokines, modulators of the immune response, are found not only in higher vertebrates but also in fish, and a significant partial of these compounds are functionally active in teleost’s. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are a few of them. These cytokines have a protective effect in the regulation of the immune system and inflammatory events in the organism. In a study, they reported an increase in the inflammatory cytokine gene expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10) of carp fish exposed to indoxacarb (Ghelichpour et al.2019). They also reported an increase in IL-1β gene expression in head kidney in carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos (Wang et al.2011). Similarly, exposure of carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish to another pesticide, paraquat, has been reported to strongly increase proinflammatory cytokines in the liver, including IFN-, TNF-α, IL-1 IL, IL-6 and IL-8 (Ma et al.2018). Therefore, when the fish encounters any stress factor, the examination of thyroid hormones, ACTH and cortisol hormones and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines will give information about the environment and health of the fish.
Fumigant toxicity of three Satureja species on tomato leafminers, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Chemical control was considered as the first method of management against T. absoluta. The insecticides used against this pest have been very diverse including organophosphates, pyrethroids, cartap, thiocyclam, and chemicals with new sites of action such as abamectin, spinosad, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, tebufenozide, acylurea insect growth regulators and chlorfenapyr (Desneux et al. 2010, Khani et al. 2020, Kumar et al. 2020, Mohanny et al. 2020). Generally, the feeding behavior of larvae (leaf mining) causes problems in the chemical control effectiveness (Lietti et al. 2005). Moreover, resistance to insecticides may be the most important reason of control failure. The primary reports of insecticide resistance were seen in South American countries such as Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. In these countries, different levels of resistance to organophosphates (e.g. methamidophos), pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin and deltamethrin), cartap, and abamectin, have been evaluated (Salazar and Araya 1997, Siqueira et al. 2000, Lietti et al. 2005). In addition, resistance to pyrethroid, indoxacarb, diamide and spinosyn spinosad has been reported in South America and Europe (Silva et al. 2011, Guedes and Siqueira 2012, Gontijo et al. 2013, Roditakis et al. 2013, Campos et al. 2015, Roditakis et al. 2015). In addition to insecticide resistance which may cause control failure, insecticides have adverse effects on non-target organisms such as beneficial arthropods either through direct acute toxicity in short-term and/or sublethal effects in entire organism life (Martinou et al. 2014).