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Energy drinks
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Hordenine is also an alkaloid and is found in grains, sprouting barley and certain grasses, as well as in small quantities in citrus aurantium (84). It has been found to be a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (19). This contributes to its inotropic effect by increasing blood pressure and blood flow (35). Recent research from Chikazawa and Sato (19) reported that hordenine can facilitate the expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) target genes in muscle. Which can contribute to the improvement in muscle function and potentially stimulate muscle growth. This study used intramuscular injections of hordenine, whether the same effect is seen through oral supplementation has yet to be demonstrated. The efficacy of hordenine has not been examined as a stand-alone ingredient but is frequently seen in combination pre-workout supplements.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
According to Morton,42 the stems and flowers contain the alkaloid cactine which has digitalis-like activity. Working with fresh material, Petershofer-Halbmayer et al.293 detected only one alkaloid hordenine (N,/V-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-beta-phenethylamine) and concluded that so-called “cactine” must be identical with hordenine. Contains betacyanin, isorham-netin-3-glucoside. Flowers contain narcissin (C28H32O,6), rutin, cacticine (C22H22O,2), kaempferitrin, grandiflorine (C20H18O30), hyperoside, isorhamnetin-3-beta-(galactosyl)-ru-tinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-beta-(xylosyl)-rutinoside.
Relative safety and quality of various dietary supplement products U.S. Service Members ask about
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Cindy Crawford, Abraham R. Walter, Bharathi Avula, Andrea T. Lindsey, Aimee M. Hunter, A. Khan Ikhlas, Patricia A. Deuster
Thirteen percent of the risky ingredients were on DEA’s Controlled Substances List as Schedule III drugs (including 19-Nor-5-androstenedione, 19-norandrosta-4,9-diene-3,17 Dione [35], androstenedione type of compounds [36], and androstadienedione (Boldione)); 33% were on the WADA list (DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), 1-androsterone, epiandrosterone, phenethylamine and its derivatives, including ingredients such as demelverine, and β-phenylethylamine), octodrine [37], and synephrine, which is currently on the WADA monitoring program [38]. Forty percent were either listed on the FDA Dietary Supplement Ingredient Advisory list [33] (5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin, hordenine, an N Methyl Tyramine) or had FDA notices or warnings on record in regards to the ingredient (3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine [39], pregnenolone [40], theophylline [41,42], vinpocetine [43], yohimbine [44–50], and isopropylnorsynephrine [51]). Twenty-seven percent of these ingredients are currently prohibited by the DoD as of 2021. (Table 1; Supplemental File B) Some ingredients were included on multiple lists and some products listed multiple risky ingredients as shown in Table 1 and Supplemental File B.
The scoop on brain health dietary supplement products containing huperzine A
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Cindy Crawford, Yan-Hong Wang, Bharathi Avula, Ji-Yeong Bae, Ikhlas A. Khan, Patricia A. Deuster
Besides huperzine, this study detected stimulants that should raise concern – and they were either claimed or un-claimed on product labels. Higenamine, being a WADA prohibited ingredient, might have profound effects on the heart and other organs [22]; hordenine has been shown to produce a positive inotropic effect on the heart, increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and increase the volume of peripheral blood flow, as reported in healthy dogs and mice [23]. Additional experiments concluded that hordenine acts indirectly as an adrenergic agent to produce pharmacological effects by releasing norepinephrine (NE) [23]. PEAs (often referred as phenylethylamine or beta-phenethylamine (β-phenethylamine)), and other stimulants including DMAA, DMHA (otherwise known as octodrine), and caffeine appear to be very popular ingredients in these brain supplements. Octodrine is an ingredient acting in a very similar manner to the popular DMAA, a central nervous stimulant shown to increase the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline [24]. For most of these compounds, the authors were unable to find any human studies supporting their claims, with only in-vitro and/or animal studies reported.