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Kinetics Part 2 Application of Rate Laws and Rate Variables to Reaction Mechanisms
Published in Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk, Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk
The catalyst may be directly involved as a reactant in a chemical reaction but is regenerated to its initial form at the end of the reaction; there is no net change in the catalyst structure or concentration. This is typical of homogeneous catalysis in which catalyst and reactants are in the same phase (most often in solution). Examples of homogeneous catalysts are acids, bases, and enzymes.
Synthesis of benzo[a]furo[2, 3-c]phenazine derivatives through an efficient, rapid and via microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions catalyzed by H3PW12O40@Fe3O4-ZnO for high-performance removal of methylene blue
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Milad Taheri, Razieh Mohebat, Mohammad Hossein Moslemin
Recently, semiconductor heterogeneous photocatalysts such as TiO2 and ZnO have attracted a lot of attention due to their excellent performance in destroying organic compounds and purifying water. Among them, pure nano-ZnO has important research and application value because of its bandgap width of 3.2 eV [11,12]. Also, due to the recyclability of the catalyst, Fe3O4 has been considered by many researchers as a ferromagnetic material due to its good ability [13,14]. Based on the above study, we completed the effective combination of ZnO and Fe3O4–ZnO and designed an H3PW12O40@Fe3O4–ZnO core-shell photocatalyst with magnetic separation capability. Core-shell nanoparticles are used for medical applications, and due to their high stability, this magnetic nanoparticle can be useful for hyperthermia magnetic therapy (MHT) for the treatment of cancer [15,16]. Furthermore, nanomaterial applications as a heterogeneous catalyst in place of homogeneous catalysts in MCRs make the process greener due to easy handling, non-corrosiveness, high surface area, surface modification ability, excellent thermal and chemical stability, simple work-up procedures, environmentally benign nature, reusability, low cost and ease of synthesis and isolation [17,18]. Among them, non-toxic ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles catalyzed organic processes are often considered to follow the principles of green chemistry, that is, these catalyzed processes consume a minimum of energy and reagents or auxiliaries and minimize waste [19].
The first and low cost copper Schiff base/manganese oxide bio nanocomposite from unwanted plants as a robust industrial catalyst
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Atena Naeimi, Sedighe Abbasspour, Seyedeh Atekeh Torabizadeh
Oxidation reaction is one of the most important reactions in pharmaceutical industries [30]. The safety of oxidation systems in large scale can influence on the hesitation to employ. Fuel, energy and oxidant are three factors in reactors for performing oxidation reactions in industry [31]. Hence, green strategies attract so much attention as economical and environmental point of view. Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, esters and carboxylic acids, and ketones are one of the most essential chemical processes in both academic and industrial research, because alcohols can transfer to valuable products for pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, agrochemicals and fragrances industries [31–34]. Many applied homogeneous catalysts for these reactions created many challenges from the environmental point of view. Hence, increasing efforts have been devoted in developing heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, metal matrix nanocomposites including metal oxides or/and nano transition metal oxide could replace instead of heterogeneous catalyst. Particularly and ideally in aqueous solution, H2O2 is greatly attractive for releasing active oxidative species and producing water as the only by-product. In this context, employing nano metal oxides along with nano-transition metal complex to fabricate efficient catalysts for alcohols oxidation with green oxidant is highly desirable [35].