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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Biological monitoring (BM) remains useful in assessing the uptake of hexavalent chromium and control of exposure. Urine samples should be collected at the end of a work shift and analysed for total chromium. Care should be taken to ensure that any BM sampling is representative of the worker’s typical workload. BM does not indicate exposure route (i.e., inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption), only that exposure has occurred.
Hazard Characterization and Dose–Response Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
For years, toxicologists have known that hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic to humans by the inhalation route. Workers in chromite processing facilities experience higher rates of lung cancer than the general population.38–40 Many regulatory toxicologists believed that hexavalent chromium was also carcinogenic to humans by the oral route—although this belief turned out to be incorrect. From the initial supposition that hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) might be a human carcinogen by the oral route,41 it took until 2008 for the National Toxicology Program to publish the results of a two-year cancer bioassay conducted in mice and rats.42 Mice developed small intestinal tumors, and rats developed tumors of the oral epithelium.
Problems on Excess of Inorganic Chemical Compounds for Mankind
Published in Jul Låg, Geomedicine, 2017
Jan Alexander, Jetmund Ringstad, Jan Aaseth
All metals considered human carcinogens also cause cancer in animals. Mutagenic effects in in vitro test systems have been observed for a number of metal compounds, including most of those regarded as carcinogenic. It is generally believed that for genotoxic carcinogenic compounds, no threshold for effect exists. Thus, it is a paradox that a carcinogenic metal such as chromium also is an essential nutrient. Carcinogenicity has been shown for several hexavalent chromium compounds, particularly less soluble particles. It is known that hexavalent chromium may interact and damage DNA by several muchanisms.33 However, trivalent chromium, which is believed to be the essential form, also binds to DNA, forming interstrand crosslinks and DNA-protein crosslinks. This remains an area of future research.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
The above studies add to the accumulating body of evidence that highlight concern of suspected adverse health effects from metal exposure, particularly chromium, nickel and lead, and exposures to essential metals that have the potential for toxicity following inhalation such as manganese and zinc, following vaping of e-cigs. Serious health effects include neurotoxic outcomes from lead exposures (Garza et al. 2006, Bannon and Williams 2016), lead-mediated toxicity to the cardiovascular system (Navas-Acien et al. 2007), and inhalational health effects and respiratory diseases including the potential for lung cancer from exposures to trivalent and hexavalent chromium (chromium III and chromium VI, respectively) and nickel (IARC 2012a, 2012b, Jaishankar et al.2014, Gaur and Agnihotri 2019). Of heightened concern is that when compared to conventional combustible cigarette smoke, the levels of both nickel and chromium in the e-cig aerosol were found to be very high due in part to their leaching from the e-cig core assembly of the cartomizer (Williams et al.2013, 2017).
Hexavalent chromium and stomach cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Mina Suh, Daniele Wikoff, Loren Lipworth, Michael Goodman, Seneca Fitch, Liz Mittal, Caroline Ring, Deborah Proctor
The risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has been studied for over 100 years, in hundreds of studies, from a wide spectrum of industries (IARC 1990, 2012; NIOSH 2013). Among workers in certain industries, such as chromate production, pigment production, and chrome plating, a significant increase in lung cancer risk has long been recognized (IARC 1990; OSHA 2006; ATSDR 2012; NIOSH 2013; Proctor et al. 2014). Cr(VI) is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC’s conclusion is based on sufficient evidence in humans that Cr(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung, and positive associations observed with cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses (IARC 2012). IARC indicated, “There is little evidence that exposure to chromium(VI) causes stomach or other cancers” (IARC 2012). However, recent reviews and meta-analyses report conflicting findings. Two of those meta-analyses found no evidence of an association between stomach cancer and Cr(VI) exposure (Cole and Rodu 2005; Gatto et al. 2010), but a more recent meta-analysis reported a significantly greater risk of stomach cancer in Cr(VI)-exposed workers (Welling et al. 2015). Each meta-analysis used different inclusion criteria, and only Cole and Rodu (2005) considered socioeconomic status (SES) and study quality. Interestingly, Cole and Rodu (2005) reported a significantly decreased risk of stomach cancer in studies that adjusted for SES (Meta-SMR: 82, CI: 69–96), but a significantly increased risk in studies that did not consider differences in SES (Meta-SMR: 137, CI: 123–153).
The role of eugenol in the prevention of chromium-induced acute kidney injury in male albino rats
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that has several valence states; the most common one is the hexavalent chromium (CrVI), that is widely used in industries, e.g. leather tanning, stainless steel manufacturing, chrome plating (chromates added as anticorrosive agents to paints, primers, and other surface coatings), welding and wood preservation.1,2 CrVI can also be found in drinking water and in public water systems.3 Environmental and/or occupational exposure to CrVI-containing compounds is known to be toxic and carcinogenic to human beings and animals.4 A major adverse effect of chromium poisoning is nephrotoxicity due to chromium excretion through the kidney, this increases its chromium content and subsequently, nephropathy occurs.5 The toxic manifestations of chromium are considered to be due to oxidative stress.6,7 leading to serious damage to the vital organs.8,9