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Honey-Based Polyphenols: Extraction, Quantification, Bioavailability, and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Csilla Benedek, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu, Zsanett Bodor, Zoltan Kovacs
Heated honey can be harmful due to the release of 5-hydroxymethylfur-fural (5-HMF), a toxic compound produced through the Maillard reaction [6]. However, some research reports have suggested potential benefits of this practice. Heated honey is believed to increase the immune-stimulatory effect [68] for the management of various types of diseases. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the glycoprotein that is responsible for stimulating bone marrow to produce and release stem cells into the bloodstream. Its secretion from enterocytes is a combination of temperature and time-dependent processes that can be induced by heating the honey [68], Melanoidins from temperature treated honey have exhibited peroxyl radical-scavenging activity [50].
Breast Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Amy Case, Gwenllian Edwards, Catherine Pembroke
Treatment duration ranges from 4 to 8 cycles (12–24 weeks) depending on regime and recurrence risk. Support with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF should be considered with dose-dense schedules).41 Data looking specifically at the elderly population are lacking; however, there should be no upper age-limit of when to offer adjuvant chemotherapy. Decisions should be made following thorough assessment of the patient’s physical fitness and detailed discussion of the risks and benefits.
Pathophysiological Responses to Endotoxin in Humans
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Anthony F. Suffredini, Naomi P. O’Grady
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), an important growth factor and activator of neutrophils, has been proposed as a means to enhance host responses during infection. When G-CSF is given 12 hours prior to endotoxin (S. abortus equii) administration, neutro-phil numbers rose approximately sevenfold above control values at baseline (93). Subsequent endotoxin-associated increases in temperature were enhanced, while the severity of symptoms and increases in heart rate were unchanged (93). Levels of TNF, sTNFR, and IL-lra were greater than the control responses, while IL-6 levels were similar (93).
Application of G-CSF in high-leukocyte acute myeloid leukemia is a poor prognostic factor
Published in Hematology, 2023
Ping Weng, Shu Yang, Shujuan Xu, Shuxia Zhang, Yong Wu, Yuanzhong Chen
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a very important cytokine in vivo; it mediates its effects by binding to a special homodimer receptor, G-CSFR, activating the complex signal transduction system, which includes the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and survival of granulocyte cells, stimulating the secretion of blood vessels in granulocytes, mobilizing bone marrow stem cells to peripheral blood and inducing T cells to undergo immune tolerance in stem cell grafts [1]. The use of G-CSF can promote the recovery of granulocytes after chemotherapy in cancer patients, shorten the duration of granulocytopenia, and reduce the incidence of infection and related mortality. G-CSF can also drive malignant cells into the cell cycle, increasing sensitivity to cell cycle-specific chemotherapy, and it is widely used in chemotherapy among elderly, hypoplastic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients [2,3].
Recent advances in proteolytic stability for peptide, protein, and antibody drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Xianyin Lai, Jason Tang, Mohamed E.H. ElSayed
The pancreas produces trypsinogen, an inactive precursor of trypsin. Trypsinogen is then secreted into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. Once in the small intestine, the trypsinogen is activated by the enzyme enteropeptidase via proteolytic cleavage [54,55]. Trypsin is an endopeptidase and breaks peptide bonds down via a serine catalysis mechanism at an optimal pH of 7.5–8.5 [56]. The salmon calcitonin is a small peptide of 32 amino acids with a molecular weight of 3,432 Da and is a more potent analog of human calcitonin [57]. The salmon calcitonin was incubated with 0.5 μM trypsin in a sodium acetate (50 mM) buffer and it was completely degraded in 15 min [58]. The human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a major cytokine regulator of neutrophilic granulocytes and is able to stimulate the growth of neutrophil colonies from human bone marrow progenitor cells with a molecular weight of about 30,000 Da [59]. The incubation of 100 ug/ml of G-CSF with 1 ug/ml of trypsin revealed that G-CSF was susceptible to trypsin digestion and had about 30% intact protein at 4 h incubation [60].
Approval of biosimilars: a review of unsuccessful regulatory filings
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Anurag S. Rathore, Hemlata Chhabra, Ankita Bhargava
EMA was the first regulatory agency to start reviewing applications for biosimilars approval. To date, EMA has approved 64 biosimilars within the product classes of 1) human growth hormone, 2) granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 3) erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, 4) insulin, 5) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 6) parathyroid hormone, 7) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, and 8) monoclonal antibodies for use in the EU [11]. Thus, far nine biosimilar approvals have been withdrawn after approval, one biosimilar has been withdrawn before approval, and two biosimilar applications have been refused by the agency (Table 1). This leaves a total of 55 biosimilars authorized for use in Europe [12]. In spite of the patent expiration in EU for Erbitux (cetuximab) and Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) in 2014 and 2016, respectively, no biosimilars have been approved for the same. A number of biosimilar products for cetuximab including ABP-494 (Actavis/Amgen) and CT-P15 (Celltrion) are in development [13]. Two products, Retacrit (Hospira) and Silapo (Stada), are being approved by EMA for similar indications such as Aranesp including anemia, chronic kidney failure, cancer, and autologous blood transfusion. The reference medicine for both the products is Eprex/Erypo, which contains epoetin alpha as an active substance. [14]. Other blockbuster drugs that are set to lose their patents in the coming 2 years in Europe include Soliris (2020), Benlysta (2021), Lemtrada (2021), Avastin (2022), and Lucentis (2022) [15].