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Eosinophils in Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
Sohei Makino, Takeshi Fukuda, Shinji Motojima, Tatsuo Yukawa
Eosinopoiesis depends on the presence of T-cells in mice and humans.19 With regard to human eosinophils, three types of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have presently been identified, namely, interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and eosinophil differentiating factor (EDF) or interleukin 5 (IL-5). Although GM-CSF20 and IL-3 are multilineage regulators of neutrophils and macrophages, recombinant human EDF (IL-5) is active only in the eosinophil lineage of myeloid hemopoiesis, suggesting that human IL-5 may play a central role in the regulation of eosinophils in humans.21
Cytokines
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are soluble factors that increase the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of specific blood cells from the pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell. Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) are produced by monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells and promote the formation of monocytes and neutrophils, respectively. Erythropoietin is synthesized in the peritubular cells of the kidney and stimulates and regulates erythrocyte production.
Epithelial Cells
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Among the epithelial-derived colony stimulating factors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is the most extensively studied. It has been proposed as a central inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma, in light of its ability to prolong eosinophil survival and enhance the cytotoxic activity, mediator release, and phagocytic ability of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages (122–125). GM-CSF is constitutively synthesized and released by airway epithelial cells in vitro (126,127). This finding stemmed from the observation that supernatants from human nasal epithelial cell cultures promoted the formation of granulocyte-macrophage and metachromatic cell colonies from progenitor cells (128). In this study, there was a clearly defined difference between cells obtained from atopic individuals versus those obtained from non-atopics, with a higher level of activity noted in the former. Glucocorticoids decrease the in vitro production of GM-CSF (126), whereas histamine (126), IL-1 (126,129), and common respiratory viruses (95,130) increase its production.
Application of G-CSF in high-leukocyte acute myeloid leukemia is a poor prognostic factor
Published in Hematology, 2023
Ping Weng, Shu Yang, Shujuan Xu, Shuxia Zhang, Yong Wu, Yuanzhong Chen
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a very important cytokine in vivo; it mediates its effects by binding to a special homodimer receptor, G-CSFR, activating the complex signal transduction system, which includes the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and survival of granulocyte cells, stimulating the secretion of blood vessels in granulocytes, mobilizing bone marrow stem cells to peripheral blood and inducing T cells to undergo immune tolerance in stem cell grafts [1]. The use of G-CSF can promote the recovery of granulocytes after chemotherapy in cancer patients, shorten the duration of granulocytopenia, and reduce the incidence of infection and related mortality. G-CSF can also drive malignant cells into the cell cycle, increasing sensitivity to cell cycle-specific chemotherapy, and it is widely used in chemotherapy among elderly, hypoplastic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients [2,3].
The Goiânia incident, the semiotics of danger, and the next 10,000 years
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Joseph Clemons, Adam Blumenberg
Observations from serial bone marrow aspirates and biopsies corresponded with changes in granulocyte concentrations. The granulocyte recovery kinetics demonstrated a marked difference between treated and untreated individuals. Moreover, the application of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not appear to influence the recovery of red blood cells or platelets. Four out of eight patients treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor survived, with the fatalities being patients colonized with gram-negative bacteria prior to the initiation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment. The side effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment were generally mild. Some instances of respiratory failure and/or pulmonary edema were reported during therapy, predominantly in patients with bacterial sepsis. Although these episodes were primarily attributed to infection, an effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor could not be definitively excluded. Both patients who exhibited spontaneous hematological recovery survived, with one requiring forearm amputation due to severe radiation burns [15].
An update on the safety of ixazomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Neutropenia is a common side effect of many MM drugs and increases the risk of infections [79]. In the TOURMALINE-MM1 study, the incidence of neutropenia in the IRd group was comparable with placebo-Rd (any grade 33% vs. 31%, grade or higher 22% vs. 24%). Use of colony-stimulating factors was also similar (in 21% patients vs. 20% in placebo-Rd) [41,79]. Like with thrombocytopenia, neutropenia was reported most frequently during the first three cycles, with no long-term cumulative effects. Comparable rates of neutropenia in the ixazomib arm versus placebo arm were also seen in other Phase III trials- TOURMALINE-MM3 (any grade neutropenia 9% vs. 8%), TOURMALINE-MM4 with any grade neutropenia (2.3% vs. 3.3%), with the exception of TOURMALINE-MM2, with neutropenia of any grade (20.1% with IRd vs. 29.8% with placebo-Rd) and Grade 3 or higher (16.9% with IRd vs. 26.9% with placebo-Rd) being more frequent in the placebo-Rd group [65,76,78]. Like with thrombocytopenia, alternating dose modification approach is recommended for ixazomib and lenalidomide for neutropenia [3].