China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
OCD and Related Disorders
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Phill Nagle, Christopher Gale, Jo Barker
OCD is thought to be associated with altered brain functioning in the basal ganglia and orbitofrontal cortex. OCD responds specifically to drugs that inhibit the synaptic reuptake of serotonin. The only SSRIs licensed for use with children and young people experiencing OCD are Sertraline and Fluvoxamine. Where there is significant co-morbid depression, Fluoxetine can be prescribed. Response may take up to 12 weeks, maximal doses may be required and improvements can continue for up to one year. Medication should be continued for at least six months after remission to reduce the risk of relapse, although maintenance therapy may be at a lower dose. Withdrawal from SSRIs should be very gradual to minimise adverse side-effects.
Pharmacological Management of Huntington’s Disease
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Sonia Sharma, Sushant Sharma, Shallina Gupta
The significant result of fluoxetine was observed in clinical trial of 30 patients affected with HD and Hamilton Depression Inventory (Combo et al., 1997). This drug is contraindicated with pimozide, thioridazine, and Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). Fluoxetine drug is known to inhibit the activity of CYP2D6. Side effects of fluoxetine are headache, dizziness, anxiety, asthenia, tremor, and so on.
Acute management of substance use disorders in youth
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
The only medication that has been shown to be effective in youth with substance use disorders in replicated randomised controlled trials is fluoxetine to target depressive symptoms. Moreover, it only treats comorbid depression with a small effect size and seems to have no beneficial effect on substance use (Zhou et al., 2014). Given the small effect size, if comorbid depression is present, offering fluoxetine as an option in treatment is reasonable, however, it is often not imperative. This option should be particularly considered if depression is severe and persists for several weeks despite abstinence. Fluoxetine treatment is associated with increased suicidal ideation and behaviours in a small subgroup of adolescents (Maarch et al., 2004). If fluoxetine is prescribed, weekly monitoring is indicated for the first month (McDermott et al., 2011). If the patient is psychotic, it is recommended to hold off on prescribing anti-psychotics until it can be better clarified whether the psychosis is primary or secondary to substances; this may take up to a month for cannabis, as it has a long half-life. If there are psychotic symptoms with associated acute safety concerns, consider starting anti-psychotic medications sooner. For a complete review of pharmacotherapy of SUD in adolescents, see Courtney and Milin (2015).
SSRI withdrawal syndrome in children and adolescents: a narrative literature review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Yasser Saeed Khan, Mohamed Adil Shah Khoodoruth, Yahia Albobali, Peter M. Haddad
The case of probable SSRI withdrawal syndrome reported by Velez and colleagues involved an 18-month-old boy and warrants further discussion given the patient’s young age [27]. The patient was mistakenly administered fluoxetine 10 mg daily for around 6 weeks due to a dispensing error. The child was referred to the emergency department upon discovery of the error by the pharmacist whilst issuing a refill. He exhibited irritability, diaphoresis, dyspnea, frequent bowel movements, and dysuria. The child was admitted for observation, hydration, and toxicology consult, and the fluoxetine was discontinued. The child remained playful and was discharged the following day with no apparent complications. However, the child had to be brought back to the hospital two days after discharge with a somewhat different set of symptoms, i.e. decreased oral intake, fever, and increased moodiness. The child received intravenous fluids in addition to monitoring of vitals and toxicology workup. No significant abnormalities were found, and the child was discharged the following day after he remained fever-free overnight and displayed a marked improvement in appetite and level of activity. The authors concluded that this child, in all probability, experienced effects of Fluoxetine’s overdose followed by discontinuation symptoms precipitated by the sudden cessation of Fluoxetine after 6 weeks.
New frontiers in the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder in adults: an up-to-date comprehensive overview
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Alice Caldiroli, Enrico Capuzzi, Ilaria Tagliabue, Luisa Ledda, Massimo Clerici, Massimiliano Buoli
Fluoxetine was investigated in two studies with contrasting evidence of efficacy. The first open-label study by Van Ameringen et al. [23] reported a significant improvement in social anxiety and phobic avoidance in a small sample of thirteen patients with SAD, while a more recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study did not find significant differences between fluoxetine and placebo in 60 individuals with SAD [24]. On the other hand, treatment with citalopram showed promising results, with two open-label studies reporting significant improvement in social anxiety symptoms in two small samples of patients with SAD (sample size is a limitation in both studies) [25,26]. Moreover, citalopram was as effective as moclobemide in the treatment of social phobia in an 8-week, randomized, open-label, single-blind trial of moderate quality, with a reduction of > 50% in the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total scores and a response rate of approximately 75% reported by both groups (d = 0.02) [27].
Centella asiatica L. Urban protects against morphological aberrations induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat’s hippocampus via attenuation of oxidative stress
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Saravanan Jagadeesan, Samaila Musa Chiroma, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Che Norma Mat Taib, Zulkhairi Amom, Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala, Warren Thomas, Onesimus Mahdi
The current drug treatment for depression is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). These treatments have significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of life of individuals with depression, but they are not without their limitations. The current medications do not produce a uniform response among patients, it takes weeks for their effects to be observed and many treatments have significant side effects [16]. The concurrent use of multiple drugs complicates the problems through complex interactions and in particular gives rise to uncertainty regarding their safe use in pregnancy [17]. Fluoxetine is a commonly used antidepressant, and as an SSRI, it inhibits the serotonin transporters at the synaptic cleft. Though in wide use, fluoxetine has side effects including fatigue, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction [18,19]. Thus, though there is a wide range of medications available for the treatment of depression, none of them are universally effective or without side effects. Consequently, there is a need for new therapeutic agents with lesser side effects and broader efficacy [20]. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider the critical physiological processes that contribute to stress and depression.