China
Africa
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Breast Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Hans Bender, Holger Palmedo, Hans J. Biersack, Axel Schomburg
While detection of malignant breast lesions is very competitive due to multiple detection modalities, much emphasis has been put on detection of axillary lymph node involvement [29,52-54,57-59,61,62,65,68,71]. More than 300 patient stud ies have been evaluated with sensitivities ranging from 73% to 100% and specificities from 93% to 100% (Table 5). Detection of small lesions has been assumed to be a major problem, but could so far not be substantiated by controlled studies. The overall experience, rather, indicates that far less than 5% of FGD-PET-negative studies are falsely negative. Due to the resolution of FDG-PET, the actual number of lesions is smaller as counted after surgery [29], which might limit its use concerning prognostic assessment. In addition, the rate of lymph node detection depends on the size of the primary tumor. Avril et al. [29] observed that in pTl (<2 cm) breast carcinoma, axillary lymph node metastases consist usually of micrometastases, which are missed by PET (sensitivity 33%). In contrast, in primary tumors >2 cm, axillary lymph node involvement is detected with a sensitivity of 94%. This study was substantiated by Utech et al. [71], demonstrating a sensitivity of 100% in the detection of axillary lymph nodes, studying primary breast carcinoma >1 cm.
Patients with Mental Disorder Under Home Restraint: Progress and Challenge of Release
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Qualitative data was analyzed to provide information on the challenges in releasing the patients from restraints. The data had been generated from observations, interviews and focused group discussions (FGDs). A total of 12 FGDs were conducted among community mental health nurses, medical doctors and stakeholders of mental health services. Each FGD consists of six to eight participants, giving a result of 85 participants in total. The main question addressed to FGD participants was “What are the challenges to releasing patients from restraint?”. Outcomes from each FGD were summarized and reported as part of the annual report on free pasung program in Aceh. The authors were present and observed some of the process of patient release. The second author and community mental health nurses conducted unstructured interview during their routine visit to the patients.
Dirty methods as ethical methods?
Published in Celia Lury, Rachel Fensham, Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, Sybille Lammes, Angela Last, Mike Michael, Emma Uprichard, Routledge Handbook of Interdisciplinary Research Methods, 2018
Stephanie Newell, Patrick Oloko, John Uwa, Olutoyosi Tokun, Jane Nebe, Job Mwaura, Rebeccah Onwong’a, Ann Kirori, Claire Craig
Given that the project involved six researchers and other personnel in three separate countries, to ensure the stability of fieldwork across the continent, very few novel or unconventional methodologies were encouraged in the pursuit of data. The following example of an adaptation of the conventional FGD illustrates the ways in which the research teams on this project were compelled by local circumstances to adopt alternative methods, the manner in which the blog facilitated discussion of these innovations, and the drawbacks as well as the potentialities, of such initiatives.
The use of occupation-based intervention among Malaysian occupational therapists: A focus group discussion
Published in World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 2023
Aisyah Ahmad, Padma A. Rahman, Kounosuke Tomori, Farahiyah Wan Yunus, Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Ahmad Zamir Che Daud
The participants’ statements about using occupation as a means and an end indirectly alluded to their understanding of the OBI concept, Occupation is the goal of our intervention. When we are setting up an intervention, the outcome must be occupation. At the same time, we will use the occupation itself as an intervention for clients. (PP 7, FGD 2)A participant in FGD two explicated her understanding of the OBI concept by associating the OBI with the associative elements of OBI, as follows, From my understanding, it can be either bottom-up or top-down approaches, but the outcome is the occupation. (PP 8, FGD 2)The benefits of OBI. The participants had experienced several benefits of OBI throughout their practice. These are viewed as the facilitators for its practice.
Field-testing of the revised, draft South African Paediatric Food-Based Dietary Guidelines among mothers/caregivers of children between the ages of 3 and 5 years in the Northern Metropole, City of Cape Town, Western Cape province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Comprehension of this revised, draft guideline was clear among participants. Drinking water was described as important, but a challenge due to its unpopular taste, especially in winter and for fear of consuming contaminated water in the informal areas. ‘Safe water’ was described as boiled, cooled water that has been kept covered, the City of Cape Town water supply and treated/purified water. Structural and financial access to water was an issue for some informal and lower income formal participants. ‘For example, in my area people are still fetching water, people in the rural areas don't have toilets, and people make use of the open spaces, so when it's raining that dirt descends to the river. So, there are people educating other people about the fact that water must be boiled then put a little bit of Jik [strong cleaning bleach containing calcium hypochlorite]. Many people suffered … and were hospitalised because of water.’ (FGD 1, participant 1, Informal, IsiXhosa)
Knowledge about reproductive tract infections and sex work among female textile workers in Surat, India
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2020
Binita Desai, Jayendrakumar K. Kosambiya, Bharat Patel, Apurva Barve, Ambuj Kumar, Kristen J. Wells
Following the discussion of perceptions and symptoms of RTIs, focus group moderators informed FGD participants about the symptoms of RTIs, including STIs, to learn about their treatment seeking behavior in the past 5 years if they had experienced a symptom of a RTI. The most commonly mentioned RTI symptom that participants reported was vaginal discharge. In total, three participants reported experiencing vaginal discharge. One participant reported that she had experienced vaginal discharge before marriage. At that time, she used ‘ispaghula’ (i.e. a home remedy consisting of edible fiber) for treatment. Shortly after she was married, the vaginal discharge symptom resolved. Another participant reported that she had vaginal discharge in the past and had obtained treatment for it; however, her partner was not treated at that time. One participant answered that she had experienced vaginal discharge three to 4 days prior to the FGD. At the time of the FGD, the participant had obtained treatment for it from a private health clinic. She had no information regarding whether or not her partner had similar complaints, and her partner had not been treated. One participant said that RTIs are common among women, particularly at the times of menstruation and childbirth; therefore, there was no need to get treatment for the symptoms. The rest of the participants said that they had not experienced any of these symptoms in the past.