China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Scheme for Investigating Cases of Death due to Poisoning
Published in Paul T. Jayaprakash, Crime Scene Investigation and Reconstruction, 2023
Intentional throwing of corrosive poisons like acids on the face and person of targeted victims are also frequent in countries like India. Sedatives like chloral hydrate have been known to be mixed with alcohol for inebriating the effect. There are also instances of unintentional mixing of methyl alcohol with ethyl alcohol leading to fatalities. In parts of India, poisonous sap of vegetable origin is known to be administered to kill female infants (George, 1997). Although many of the cases involving vegetable poisoning in adults may not be reported (Rao, 2010), such poisons usually take longer time to act and hence are mostly used for suicidal purposes. The more common circumstances leading to fatalities by poisoning in India (Subrahmanyam, 1999; Rao, 2010) are presented in Table 11.1.
Preservatives and Preservation
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Alcohols. Included in this group are ethyl, phenoxyethyl and benzyl alcohols. Ethanol at higher levels is considered to function via dehydration and enzyme denaturation. At preservative levels ethanol as well as phenoxyethanol and benzyl alcohol are thought to disrupt cytoplasmic membrane integrity and oxidative phosphorylation (75–78). Ethyl alcohol effectively offers complete preservative capacity at concentrations of 20%, and lower levels can have some limited effect that can be useful if combined with other preservatives (78). Phenoxyethanol is a commonly used preservative and has found significantly greater application in recent decades as a parabens replacement (42,45). At concentrations up to 8000 ppm, phenoxyethanol is used primarily as an antibacterial preservative, importantly against Gram-negative bacteria, and is often combined with preservatives such as benzoic acid targeting fungi (24). Benzyl alcohol is similarly effective at levels up to 8000 ppm though less effective against Gram-negative bacteria (45). Benzyl alcohol is often formulated with antioxidants such as tocopherol to address potential autocatalytic oxidation (39,77,79). Organic alcohols are most appropriately formulated in emulsion water phase to control potential partitioning into the lipid phase of emulsions (80). Though effective as preservatives, organic alcohols are readily biodegradable if used at low levels so are most appropriately used in combination with other preservatives (45,81,82). As with some organic acids, organic alcohols may be absorbed by some tubing materials (69).
Commercial Scale Manufacturing of Oligonucleotides Under Good Manufacturing Practices
Published in Eric Wickstrom, Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors, 2020
Jose E. Gonzalez, Richard G. Einig, Patricia Puma, Timothy P. Noonan, Paul E. Kennedy, Bruce G. Sturgeon, Bing H. Wang, Jin-yan Tang
Nonionic methylphosphonate oligonucleotides (Hogrefe, et al., 1993) may be synthesized as a pure methylphosphonate, or as a product which combines regions containing methylphosphonates and standard phosphorothioates or phosphodiesters. Such products are referred to as "chimeric" molecules. These molecules present a challenge to cleavage, deprotection, and to some extent purification, since the methylphospho-nate portions of a chimeric product are relatively less stable to basic pH than the non-methylphosphonate portions. For this reason, concentrated ammonium hydroxide, successfully used with first generation oligonucleotides (Figure 1), is not ideal for cleavage/deprotection. Using a gentler deprotection agent such as ethyl-enediamine in ethanol gives better results.
COVID-19 and alcohol use disorder: putative differential gene expression patterns that might be associated with neurological complications
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Ethyl alcohol, irrespective of the form, is a substance found in alcoholic beverages and is responsible for most of the harm in our bodies. Studies have suggested that chronic alcoholism predisposes people to several respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19. We recently reported a strong association of SARS-CoV-2-induced regulation of several host genes, which might increase viral replication, viral entry, and immune system suppression in the host cells [20,23]. On the other hand, alcohol consumption is also associated with many physical ailments as well as mental disorders [24]; thus, this could also lead to a very high possibility of developing severe neurological complications if alcoholics are exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Such observations may provide a direction toward finding specific genetic markers associated with severe neurological disease outcomes in COVID-19 alcoholic patients. In this study, we discussed the seven key genes (GHRL, SLN, VGF, IL1RL1, NPTX2, PDYN, and RPRML) that are commonly differentiated in brain tissues from alcoholics and COVID-19, suggesting a strong molecular link between severity in neurological impairment in alcohol abuse and COVID-19.
Some Bryophytes Trigger Cytotoxicity of Stem Cell-like Population in 5-Fluorouracil Resistant Colon Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Dilşad Özerkan, Ayşe Erol, Ergin Murat Altuner, Kerem Canlı, Dürdane Serap Kuruca
Bryophytes were lyophilized, and their extracts were obtained. Since the samples of moss used in extraction are dry herbarium samples, the samples were left to dry in the shade after being thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water. Porcelain mortars, and pestles were used to powder the dried samples. The mortar and mortar hands were first cleaned with 70% ethyl alcohol, and after drying well, the samples of dry moss were pulverized in the mortar. Powdered samples were made with continuous mixing at room temperature between 120 and 160 rpm for three days. Absolute ethyl alcohol (relative polarity: 0.654, boiling point: 78.37 °C) was used as a solvent. The sample/solvent ratio used in extraction is set to 1:50. At the end of the period, the extracts were filtered through Whatman No 1 filter paper (Merck Cat No: WHA1443090). Prepared under vacuum in the Soxhlet apparatus, the boiling temperatures of the solvents were kept at 40–45 °C, and damage to high temperature-sensitive compounds was prevented. As a result of the 24-hour extraction period, the solutions were completely evaporated at 40 °C under vacuum in a rotary evaporator (Heidolph), and the remaining water phases were kept at −80 °C until completely dry. Dry powdered extracts were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma Cat. No: D8418), and used in the analysis.
Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Surajit Pathak, Roberto Catanzaro, Dharani Vasan, Francesco Marotta, Yashna Chabria, Ganesan Jothimani, Rama Shanker Verma, Murugesan Ramachandran, Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh, Antara Banerjee
Elevation in the tissue weight/body weight ratio was observed in the carcinogen fed rats, possibly due to an increase in the tumor growth. However, the aged garlic extract treated rats showed a gradual decline with the lapse of time. The garlic extract used for treatment was prepared in an ethyl alcohol base. Therefore, the present study maintained one control group to monitor the effects of ethyl alcohol on the progression of the tumor. The control group was administered only with carcinogens whereas the other group was fed with the carcinogens along with ethyl alcohol, results of which indicated an additive effect of ethyl alcohol on the progression of the tumors, as reported from earlier studies (Biswas and Khuda-Bukhsh 2002, Pathak et al.2006, Biswas et al.2008, Banerjee et al.2010).