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The Effects of Synthetic Phosphonates on Living Systems
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
Other plant growth effectors are regulators used for inducing flowering, controlling vine formation (pruning), thinning fruit, and for retarding or accelerating ripening. Of these, ethephon, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, is used to accelerate fruit ripening, to induce flowering, to promote abscission, to accelerate postharvest ripening, and to stimulate color formation.118 Ethephon decomposes rapidly in the presence of OH- to produce ethylene. Two mechanisms have been proposed for this reaction (Figure 8). The plant responses to ethephon are the result of the release of ethylene gas, which has fruit ripening hormone activity. The biochemistry, physiology, and mechanism of action of ethylene have been extensively examined by Abeles.145
Bottom-up physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling for predicting the human pharmacokinetic profiles of the ester prodrug MGS0274 and its active metabolite MGS0008, a metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Motoki Ochi, Kohnosuke Kinoshita, Jun-ichi Yamaguchi, Hiromi Endo
The inhibitory effects of several esterase inhibitors against MGS0274 hydrolytic activity in human liver S9 fractions were evaluated, and the percent inhibitions are shown in Table 3. Formation of MGS0008 was not inhibited by ethephon or PCMB, indicating that butyrylcholinesterase, carboxymethylenebutenolidase, and paraoxonase were not involved in the hydrolysis of MGS0274. On the other hand, both BNPP and PMSF completely inhibited the formation of MGS0008, indicating that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) and/or CES were involved in the hydrolysis of MGS0274. In addition, the formation of MGS0008 was also inhibited completely by benzil, which had little inhibitory effect against AADAC activity (Oda et al. 2015), suggesting that some CES isoforms are involved in the hydrolysis of MGS0274.