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Croton zehntneri: Essential Oils and Inclusion Complex
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Lorenna Fonseca, Mahendra Rai, Sidney Gonçalo de Lima
Estragole, also known as methyl chavicol (Figure 16.2), is a phenylpropanoid and natural constituent of several essential oils from aromatic plants such as basil (Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., Asteraceae) and fennel (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae) (Lewinsohn et al. 2000, Zeller et al. 2009). In addition, estragole has been used as a flavoring agent in non-alcoholic beverages, as a condiment and in medicinal products, and has insecticidal, antiviral, antimicrobial, acaricidal, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant properties (Bagamboula et al. 2004, Chang et al. 2009, Zeller et al. 2009, Obolskiy et al. 2011, Ponte et al. 2012, Cabral et al. 2014, Diao et al. 2014, Rodrigues et al. 2016).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Oxygenation in the p-position of cinnamic acid followed by methylation of the phenol and reduction of the acid to alcohol with subsequent elimination of the alcohol gives estragole (also known as methyl chavicol (52) and anethole (53)). Estragole is found in a variety of oils, mostly herb oils such as basil, tarragon, chervil, fennel, clary sage, anise, and rosemary. Anethole occurs in both the (E)- and (Z)-forms, the more thermodynamically stable (E)-isomer (shown in Figure 6.10) is the commoner, the (Z)-isomer is the more toxic of the two. Anethole is found in spices and herbs such as anise, fennel, lemon balm, coriander, and basil and also in flower oils such as ylang ylang and lavender.
General toxicology
Published in Timbrell John, Study Toxicology Through Questions, 2017
Q10. Estragole is a food additive. It has been shown to be carcinogenic in mice at a dose of . Estragole is metabolised to 1-hydroxyestragole and then to an electrophilic conjugate which is believed to be the ultimate carcinogen.
GCMS analysis of sadagura (smokeless tobacco), its enhanced genomic instability causing potential due to arsenic co-exposure, and vitamin-C supplementation as a possible remedial measure: a study involving multiple model test systems
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Samrat Das, Puja Upadhaya, Dharmeswar Barhoi, Sweety Nath Barbhuiya, Pimily Langthasa, Sarbani Giri
Full scan mode chromatogram showing the presence of various chemical compounds in the sadagura extract is presented in Figure 1. Major compounds identified in the GCMS analysis have been listed in Table 2. Out of all the compounds identified some of them are thought to be potential mutagenic, carcinogenic, or genome instability causing agents, for example, estragole has been previously been found to induce genotoxicity in experimental rats (Ding et al. 2015). It acts as a weak direct food-borne genotoxin and is a potential carcinogen (Martins et al. 2012). In the current study, we found nicotine [pyridine,3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-,(s)-], to be the major alkaloid present in the sadagura aqueous extract. Nicotine has the potential to induce genotoxicity (Ginzkey et al. 2012, 2013). Previously, nicotine has been proven to significantly enhance mutation as well as sister chromatid exchange frequency (Riebe and Westphal 1983, Trivedi et al. 1990).
The adverse effects of carbofuran are efficiently counteracted by the supplementation of star anise (Illicium verum) in broiler chicks
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ashiq Ali, Aisha Khatoon, Zain Ul Abidin, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Rao Zahid Abbas, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Farzana Rizvi
Since the ancient civilization, use of herbal plants and extracts as therapeutic and protective medicine is a common practice in the human population. Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, is an evergreen aromatic plant whose fruit is basically star-shaped. Regarding chemical composition, star anise contains different compounds like neolignans, pheylpropanoids, and seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpenes (Wang et al. 2011). Along with these, certain essential oils like estragole, linalool, limonene, and cis-anethole are also abundantly present in it (Dzamic et al. 2009). This herbal ingredient has been reported as an efficient antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, insecticidal, and anticancerous agent by many scientists (Iauk et al. 2003, Park and Shin 2005, Singh et al. 2006, Song et al. 2007, Mugnaini et al. 2012).
Risk assessment of herbal supplements containing ingredients that are genotoxic and carcinogenic
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Gerhard Prinsloo, Francois Steffens, Jacques Vervoort, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens
In a public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing the AB estragole, the European Medicines Agency (European Medicines Agency 2014) acknowledged that estragole is a genotoxic carcinogen and recommended that exposure to estragole should be kept as low as practically achievable, but also that intake of 0.5 mg per person per day can be accepted for herbal medicinal products as short-term (maximum 14 days) intake (Garcia-Alvarez et al. 2014). It can be calculated using the BMDL10 of 3.3 mg/kg bw for estragole (Van den Berg et al. 2011a) and a bw of 70 kg that this level of 0.5 mg per person per day presents a risk upon daily lifetime exposure (MOE = 462 and thus <10,000), but results in an MOE >10,000 when considering only 2 weeks intake every year over a 70 year lifespan because this would result in an MOE of 12,012 which is >10,000. However, values might still be <10,000 when these supplements would be used for 2 weeks on a more regular basis.