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Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Expectorants during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
It is generally accepted that pseudoephedrine is not associated with a significantly increased frequency of birth defects (Kallen, 2019; Werler, 2006). Ephedrine (Ephedra, Ma Huang, over-the-counter weight loss/energy pill) used in large doses is associated with sudden cardiac death in adults, and based upon anecdotal information should be avoided during pregnancy because of potential adverse maternal and fetal effects, including tachycardia and serious adverse cardiovascular events, such as heart attack, stroke, and fetal vascular disruption.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Ephedrine is an alkaloid and hydroxylated form of phenethylamine which is found in the plant Ephedra sinica and various other plants in the genus Ephedra. It is an α- and β-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. Following administration, ephedrine activates post-synaptic noradrenergic receptors. Activation of α-adrenergic receptors in the vasculature induces vasoconstriction, and activation of 0-adrenergic receptors in the lungs leads to bronchodilation. Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anesthesia. In pharmaceutical products, ephedrine is employed as ephedrine sulfate (CAS number 134-72-5, EC number 205-154-4, molecular formula C20H32N2O6S) or ephedrine hydrochloride (CAS number 50-98-6, EC number 200-074-6, molecular formula C10H16ClNO) (1).
Syncope
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Douglas L. Wood, Bernard J. Gersh
Elderly patients may be unable to tolerate anticholinergic therapy because of the adverse effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and altered vision. Ephedrine may be helpful by virtue of its ability to provide an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, but it also is associated with frequent adverse effects, owing to the stimulation it provides.
Attenuation of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension with granisetron in type I diabetic parturients: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Abdelrhman Alshawadfy, EmadEldeen Ahmed Ibrahim, Amr Helmy, Mohamed A. Elsadany, Wesam F. Alyeddin
Ephedrine is an alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist used to treat anesthesia-induced hypotension, allergic conditions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion. Ephedrine produces tachycardia in the mother, has negative consequences on uterine blood flow, and lowers the fetal pH [12]. In the current study, the total ephedrine consumption and frequency of use were significantly reduced. Similarly, Khalifa [18], Eldaba and Amr [16], Chatterjee et al. [19], and Lamichhane et al. [20] reported that the prophylactic use of granisetron reduced the vasopressor need in CS and the severity of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension, nausea, and vomiting. However, Mohammadi et al. [21] observed no significant effect of 3 mg granisetron on the vasopressor need for the management of post-spinal hypotension. This discrepancy could be attributed to different methodology. Mohammadi et al. [21] used both intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine, which could worsen the hypotension. Moreover, intraoperative blood loss and sensory block level that could influence the perioperative hypotensive episodes were not alleviated.
An overview on performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) confiscated in Italy in the period 2017–2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Sara Odoardi, Serena Mestria, Giulia Biosa, Valeria Valentini, Sofia Federici, Sabina Strano Rossi
Quantitative analysis was performed only for selected compounds, as described in the materials and methods section. The quantitative determinations showed discrepancies between the declared and the actual amount present in the preparation. For androgen anabolic steroids AASs, the quantitative content of the single compound was always lower than the one stated on the label. Nevertheless, these preparations generally consisted of mixtures of various AASs esters. Testosterone propionate concentration ranged from 20 to 100 mg/mL, testosterone decanoate from 10 to 100 mg/mL, testosterone enanthate from 10 to120 mg/mL. Stanozolol was detected in tablets at 1–10 mg, and in injectable depot preparation at 10–100 mg/mL. Methandienone was detected at 3–5 mg in tablets and methenolone at 1–5 mg. Sildenafil concentrations in the tablets ranged between 70 and 120 mg per table, while it was always reported as 100 mg preparations. Ephedrine amount ranged from 22 to 50 mg per capsule/tablet. In some of them its presence was not declared, other products reported its dosage at 25 mg.
Ephedrine causes retinal damage in SD rats associating with JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Yue Yin, Di Gong, Yan Tang, Zhijun Wang
Male SD rats were purchased from Vital River Ltd. (Beijing, China). Male rats were selected because male rats have pure and accurate responses when testing an unknown compound or having little information on an unknown situation. Then female rats can be used to see if the same results can be extended. Rats were maintained in temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and humidity (40–70%)-controlled facility on routine 12 h light/dark cycles under specific pathogen-free condition with free access to food and water during the experimental period. All animal procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Care and Use of Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital. Ephedrine was purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China) and dissolved in saline. Rats were treated with ephedrine at 20 mg/kg (n = 10) or 40 mg/kg (n = 10) by oral gavage daily for 7 days, rats treated with saline (vehicle, n = 10) as negative control. The dosage of ephedrine was based on our preliminary study and literatures16–18. The calculated plasma levels between 0.3 and 1.2 µM after treatment with ephedrine at 4 × 25 mg/kg17 were comparable with the plasma levels (0.08–0.7 µM) observed in humans with neurotoxicity resulting from ephedrine exposure18. Eye balls and retinas were collected after sacrifice for analysis.