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Medicines management
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Kirsty Andrews, Martina O’Brien
Tablets. These come in various shapes, sizes, colours and types. They often contain additives to prevent disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. An enteric coating is used if the drug is a gastric irritant. Some tablets are formulated to control the rate of release; these preparations are referred to as ‘sustained-release’, ‘controlled-release’ and ‘modified release’ (Dougherty et al. 2015).
Normal Cellular Components: Proteases, Nucleic Acids, and Antioxidant Enzymes
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Ingestion of protease supplements must be accomplished on an empty stomach. Proteases will be slowed in their serum uptake if food is present in the stomach or proximal small intestine. Peak serum levels may be below thresholds needed to saturate inflamed sites if proteases are not ingested on an empty stomach. Enteric coating of tablets to resist stomach acidity has been shown to be helpful for achieving highest serum levels. However, due to the wide range of pH stability for bromelain, this enzyme does not necessarily need to be enteric coated. Also, animal research has indicated that multiple proteases are more effective at reducing inflammation than a like amount of a single protease. Thus, combination of animal proteases with plant proteases offers a wider spectrum of action than a single protease. Preferred combinations would include trypsin and chymotrypsin with bromelain and papain. Fungal proteases have not been studied as extensively as trypsin, chymotrypsin, bromelain, or papain, but would be expected to be more similar to plant proteases in spectrum of action.
Prescribing for minor illness
Published in Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai, The Minor Illness Manual, 2018
Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai
Modified-release tablets are designed to dissolve slowly to give a prolonged effect or reduced side effects. Gastro-resistant or enteric coating is a way of protecting a drug from damage by gastric acid. The coating resists acid but dissolves in the more alkaline small bowel, the main site of absorption of almost all oral drugs. Note that the coating is most often required to protect the drug, and only for a few medications is it helpful in protecting the patient's stomach. Gastric side effects are usually due to the overall effect of a drug after it has been absorbed, so the route by which it is given is immaterial. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can cause a gastric bleed from its systemic action, whether it is given orally, rectally or by injection.
Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of pristinamycin enteric-coated granules based on albumin nanoparticles
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Wanxin Shan, Fang Peng, Qi Shen, Jun Zhang
In trial studies, pristinamycin has been found to be a poor water-soluble medication [28–30], although its solubility can be enhanced by encapsulating it with albumin [31]. Above all, albumin is a nonexclusive transporter protein that forms complexes with insoluble or foreign compounds and functions as a “ferry” for such molecules in the circulation [20,32]. Eudragit L100-55 is commonly utilized as a targeting agent for oral colonic drug administration (tablet coating, tablet matrix, microspheres, and NPs) [33,34]. It also has mucosal adhesion qualities and decreased moisture permeability [34,35], ensuring that the encapsulated particles are kept at the site of action. As such, we selected Eudragit L100-55 as the primary coating material via which the NPs possessed the enteric action. It is based on the enteric coating’s qualities, which can successfully protect the medicine from being damaged by gastric acid while also maximizing the drug’s reach to the intestine. The enteric coating is then dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract. Because of its mucosal adhesion property, it can be kept for an extended period of time in the intestine, extending the drug’s therapeutic duration in the intestinal system. Following that, the granules breakdown in the intestine, and albumin NPs increase the drug’s solubility and boost absorption. We contend that the medicine penetrates the intestinal cells in the form of albumin NPs via endocytosis [36,37], maximizing absorption and increasing the needed concentration in the body. For these reasons, we created the formulation, which serves as the general design concept.
Study on formulation and preparation technology of the composite cellulose-based enteric capsule shells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Liping Liu, Huaiqin Luo, Yingying Yang, Jinqin Huang, Chang Liu, Qiaoling Ding, Huien Zhang
Hard capsule dosage forms are widely used to encapsulate powders, granules, pellets, nonaqueous liquids, and semisolids because they offer better protection against oxygen, moisture and light until the drug is released [1]. Capsule shell is an essential part of capsule dosage forms. Enteric coating is desirable for the administration of medications that are irritating to the stomach or unstable in gastric acid environment [2]. Enteric coating can delay the release of the drug from the dosage form until it reaches the small intestine. Other types of coatings are also applied to deliver the drug at an intended site of the gastrointestinal tract or to release the drug over an extended time [3]. There are three kinds of methods for the preparation of drug enteric capsules: ① The drug particles or pellets are coated with enteric-coated materials firstly, and then filled into capsule shell [4,5]; ② The enteric-coated materials solution is sprayed on the surface of the capsule shell filled with drugs [6]. ③ The drug is directly filled into the enteric capsule shell [7–9]. Comparing the three methods, the first and second methods have the potential impact of the diffusion and residue of coating solvent on the filling drug, and the potential danger of the volatilization of organic coating solvent on the production workshop. The third method effectively avoids the above problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop enteric capsule shell.
In vitro evaluation of enteral tube administration of lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Alicia Hoover, Priyanka Chitranshi, Magdalene Momot, Katherine Tyner, Anna Wokovich
Lansoprazole is an acid labile compound and degrades quickly at low pH. To protect lansoprazole from degradation in the stomach, the lansoprazole microgranules are formulated with an enteric coating. The coating is a pH sensitive polymer which dissolves at pH greater than 5.5. The coating layer minimizes release and subsequent degradation of drug in the stomach and allows for release, dissolution, and absorption in the small intestine (Baldi and Malfertheiner 2003; Howden 2005). There is a concern that the enteric coating can be damaged during suspension in water or during enteral tube administration. Previous work revealed another PPI, esomeprazole, demonstrated significant drug release during acid dissolution after a 15 min incubation period in water, indicating the integrity of the enteric coating was compromised (Hoover et al. 2017).