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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Enoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpene derived from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin), one of the main components of licorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra. Because of its steroid-like chemical structure, it possesses anti-inflammatory activity, as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is used for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (2).
Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Glycyrrhizin, also known as glycyrrhizic acid, is a saponin found in licorice root. It is a glycated form of the pentacyclic triterpenoid, enoxolone. In at least three studies it has been shown to produce antidepressant-like effects. Chronic intraperitoneal administration of glycyrrhizin reduced immobility of mice in the forced swim and tail suspension tests.110 Glycyrrhizin also reduced immobility in the tail suspension test and restored sucrose consumption in mice that had been chronically subjected to chronic unpredictable stress. Interestingly, in that study, glycyrrhizin also attenuated activity in the kynurenine synthetic pathway. Activation the rate-limiting enzyme, indoleamine2,3dioxygenase, leads to diversion of tryptophan from serotonin synthesis and into the pathway that generates the NMDA agonist and neurotoxin quinolinic acid.111 The depression-like effects of lipopolysaccharide in mice were also attenuated by glycyrrhizin.112
Dermocosmetics: beneficial adjuncts in the treatment of acne vulgaris
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Elena Araviiskaia, Jose Luis Lopez Estebaranz, Carlo Pincelli
Other anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in dermocosmetics include nicotinamide, enoxolone, ginkgo biloba and zinc. Nicotinamide, in addition to regulating sebum production and epidermal barrier permeability (21,25), has anti-inflammatory properties, such as reducing production of IL-6, TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (45). Enoxolone (18β-glycyrrhetinic acid) is extracted from licorice root and reduces inflammation by slowing the production of cytokines (46). Ginkgo biloba extract has anti-inflammatory properties, through suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), TNF-α and downregulation of COX-2 expression (47,48). Zinc is a useful agent in dermocosmetics as it promotes wound healing in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties. Clinically, zinc reduces the number of acne lesions and reduces sebum production with good tolerability (49–51). Panthenol also has anti-inflammatory properties and has previously been investigated as a topical treatment (52). Panthenol application resulted in reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), increased intercellular lipid lamellae length, and good tolerability, indicating improved skin barrier function and hydration (52–54).
Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhetinic acids: a patent review (2010-2017)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Hidayat Hussain, Ivan R. Green, Umair Shamraiz, Muhammad Saleem, Amin Badshah, Ghulam Abbas, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Irshad
Current bioscientific research on licorice showed that on the one hand it can be used as a flavoring and sweetening agent, while on the other hand it has various clinical applications [7,15]. For instance, it has been documented that licorice is capable of having ulcer-healing properties [7,16] and is also to treat spasmodic pains of chronic gastritis [7,17,18]. In addition, its possess laxative effects [7,19], antineoplastic activity toward melanoma and gastric cancer cells [7,20–22], antiatherogenic activity [7], antioxidant effects, hypolipidemic effects [23,24], well able to treat atopic dermatitis [7,25]. It is worth mentioning that licorice possess in vitro antiviral activities toward various viruses viz., the Hepatitis B virus, Epstein Barr virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and herpes simplex virus [7,26–31]. Two stereoisomers of glycyrrhetinic acid viz., 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (enoxolone; β-GA, 1) and 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (α-GA, 2) (Figure 1), were isolated from licorice. Glycyrrhetinic acid, as illustrated, is an oleanane-type triterpenoid having carboxylic acid at C-30 in place of the usual methyl group [32]. Moreover, the amount of β-GA in liquorice root is between 0.1% and 1.6% whereas α-GA is normally lower than 0.7% [33,34].
Hepatoprotective Effect of Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelium in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Ya-Ling Chiou, Charng-Cherng Chyau, Tsung-Ju Li, Chia-Feng Kuo, Yu-Yling Kang, Chin-Chu Chen, Wang-Sheng Ko
The ACM was shown to be abundant mostly in total carbohydrate 39.78%, and then in the order of crude protein, 32.25%; crude fiber, 10.05%; crude fat, 6.72%; and crude ash, 3.14% according to the AOAC official procedures. The content of polysaccharides was 2.95% as determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid assay. There were three major compounds for antrodin A, antrodin C and 4-AAQB (Figure 1), which have been confirmed with the authentic compounds. The contents of antrodin A, antrodin C, and 4-AAQB in the ACM were 1.89, 2.76, and 2.78 mg/g, respectively as determined by internal standard (Enoxolone, Sigma) method.