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Liver Disease—Viral Hepatitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
SNMC (Stronger Neominophagen C): A typical neominophagen C formulation contains 200 mg of glycyrrhizin (a major component of licorice root), 100 mg of cysteine, and 2,000 mg of glycine in 100 cc of saline for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. The reported beneficial effects of glycyrrhizin on liver tissue include: Stabilization of hepatic cellular membranes.Inhibition of production of PGE2.Augmentation of the effects of interferon.1
COVID-19 Pandemic and Traditional Chinese Medicines
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Roheena Abdullah, Ayesha Toor, Hina Qaiser, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Tehreema Iftikhar, Muhammad Riaz, Dou Deqiang
Glycyrrhizic acid, also known as glycyrrhizin, is an active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra L (licorice) possessing anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulatory activities and stabilize the cell membranes. Glycyrrhizic acid is responsible for inhibiting replication of SARS-CoV-2 particles and hinders penetration of virus into host cell. When 600 mg/l is used as EC50, glycyrrhizin is considerably less effectual during and after period of viral penetration but 2,400 mg/l as EC50 is the most effective dose in this regard. A combination of curcumin, glycyrrhizin, and vitamin C has been identified by System biology tools to be effective to regulate body’s immune response produced against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This combination targets Toll like signaling pathways and NOD like signaling pathways and inhibit P13K/AKT, NF-kB, and MAPK signaling pathway preventing cytokine storm thereby inhibiting excessive inflammatory response. Glycyrrhizin also regulate ACE 2 activity by binding to ACE2, 3C like protease, Spike, P like protease, and RdRp [24].
Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Lan Ching Sim, Wei Qing Wee, Shien Yoong Siow, Kah Hon Leong, Jit Jang Ng, Pichiah Saravanan
Lin et al. (2019) and Tong et al. (2020) have reported the studies of CDs derived from Chinese medicine, namely from licorice root and curcumin respectively. Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizin acid) is the main active constituent of licorice root. Glycyrrhizin (Fu et al. 2005) and curcumin (Gera et al. 2017) have both shown antiviral, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial properties. However, cytotoxicity and water solubility limit the application of both compounds. To overcome the disadvantages, they have demonstrated that by converting glycyrrhizin and curcumin to CDs (Gly-CDs and Cur-CDs respectively), the CDs were able to show high biocompatibility. Gly-CDs showed excellent inactivation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It was found to inhibit PRRSV invasion and replication, as well as ROS production induced by PRRSV infection. Cur-CDs, on the other hand, showed excellent inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Cur-CDs were found to inhibit viral attachment to host cell thus suppressing the EV71-induced ROS (Lin et al. 2019; Tong et al. 2020).
Herbal and Natural Dietary Products: Upcoming Therapeutic Approach for Prevention and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
Glycyrrhiza glabra has demonstrated several pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory. Glycyrrhizin has hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anticancer activity as the key component in the G. glabra (48). Glycyrrhizin and other constituents of G. glabra confirmed anticancer potential in various types of cancer, such as liver, skin and breast cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation, developing and growing cancer cells (49). Glycyrrhizic acid is the principal constituent of the licorice extract, can prevent hepatic carcinoma in mice treated with DEN (50). Glycyrrhizic acid administration has been able to considerably induce cytochrome P450 content that reduces cancer prevalence (51). Glycyrrhizic acid altered O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (CMCNP) with various degrees of substitution can proficiently distribute paclitaxel to HCC. CMCNP-GA considerably enhanced the accretion of paclitaxel in hepatic tumor tissue and the targeted delivery to liver carcinoma cells, resulting in significantly increased in-vitro cytotoxicity and antitumor efficacy in-vivo (52). In one of the study, extract of G. glabra confirmed a strong effect on the treatment of DEN induced HCC in rats and this activity was stronger than cisplatin alone or cisplatin and G. glabra combination (53). Zhang et al., have confirmed the anti-cancerous role of G. glabra on HCC ascites mice model by using murine H22 ascitic cell line through the regulating of Frk-Arhgdib-Inpp5d-Avpr2-Aqp4 signal axis (54).
Glycyrrhizin improves bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice via inactivating NF-κB signaling
Published in Climacteric, 2021
Y. Tang, X. L. Lv, Y. Z. Bao, J. R. Wang
Glycyrrhizin is the most medically efficacious component of the licorice plant, with strong antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Several research studies have revealed protective functions of glycyrrhizin in diseases including virus infection, metabolic disorders, alcoholic liver injury, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and so on13–17. A previous study reports that glycyrrhizin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and reduces oxidative stress in bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMMs)18. A later study reveals that glycyrrhizin attenuates osteoclast formation and preserves bone mass and trabecular structure in OVX mice19, implying that glycyrrhizin would become a promising adjuvant therapeutic for PMO. However, the mechanism involved in the anti-osteoporosis effect of glycyrrhizin in vivo is unknown. In the present study, we explore the underlying mechanisms by mainly focusing on the NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo.
Formulation of pluronic F127/TPGS mixed micelles to improve the oral absorption of glycyrrhizic acid
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Chengying Shen, Junjun Zhu, Jiawen Song, Jing Wang, Baode Shen, Hailong Yuan, Xiaofang Li
Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) is pentacyclic triterpenoid glycoside extracted from Radix glycyrrhizae. It is the main active ingredient of R. glycyrrhizae with multiple biological activities such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antiviral properties [1,2]. Nowadays, GL is often used as a hepatoprotective agent for the treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis with elevated alanine aminotransferase in clinic [3,4]. However, GL is poorly absorbed after oral administration due to its poor solubility in water and its salt also has poor permeability across the gastrointestinal mucosa [5], which leads to low oral bioavailability and limits its clinical efficacy. In addition, the intravenous (i.v.) administration of glycyrrhizin at a high dose showed several side effects, such as sodium and water retention, hypokalemia, edema, hypo-aldosteronism, and elevated blood pressure [6]. In recent years, various preparations have been developed to increase the water solubility and oral absorption of GL, such as liposome [7], chitosan nanoparticles [5], and sodium deoxycholate/phospholipid-mixed nanomicelles [8]. However, these preparations have their own disadvantages, such as poor loading capacity and stability, drug leakage, potential toxicological risks of residual organic solvent or excipient (bile salt) [9–13]. Therefore, more efforts should be made to develop a novel drug delivery system to increase the oral absorption of GL.