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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Soft drinks, also called sparkling soft drinks, are not good for health and may cause many diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and dental caries with frequent consumption (see Chapter 4). Like soft drinks, energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages containing caffeine, taurine, vitamins, herbal supplements, and sugar or sweeteners known to have stimulant properties. Consumption of alcohol is generally harmful to the body and will be discussed below. In brief, the choice of a drink, its quantity and frequency of consumption, depends on the habits of an individual and the lifestyle of a community. Keep in mind that your health depends not only on what is on your plate, but also what is in your cup.
Biochemistry of Caffeine's Influence On Exercise Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Jane Shearer, Robyn F. Madden, Jill A. Parnell
Caffeine can be found as an alkaloid (pill, powder), but is also naturally occurring in the nuts, beans, leaves, and berries of various plants (61), such as the kola nut, guarana seed, and yerba mate. However, caffeine is most notably recognized as a derivative of tea and coffee—typically the second and third most abundantly consumed beverages in adults worldwide after water. Over the past decade, the number of caffeine-containing foods and beverages available to consumers has increased exponentially. Among children and adolescents, caffeine-containing energy drinks have become popular, with an estimated 74% of youth in North America consuming these products and 16% consuming more than two within a day (75). These statistics are highly concerning, as the low body mass of children can expose them to significant amounts of the drug (39, 40). Aside from naturally caffeinated beverages, the alkaloid form can be an additive to various foods and drinks, including chocolate, gums, candy, and alcohol. Furthermore, caffeine has pharmaceutical properties and can be found in analgesics, cold and sinus preparations, and appetite suppressants (46). Within sport, the majority of studies have examined alkaloid caffeine, although a greater number are now starting to examine alternative forms, including mouthwashes, candy (e.g., jellybeans), energy drinks, gum, and coffee.
Energy drinks
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
The use of energy drinks is extremely popular across various population groups. The reasons range from a desire to increase energy/delay fatigue in competitive and tactical athletic populations to aesthetic reasons in young, healthy men and women. Energy drinks generally include caffeine in varying concentrations combined with various other ingredients. As such, research on the efficacy of various multi-ingredient drinks is limited and makes it very difficult to extrapolate from single ingredient studies to the potential effect of the ingredient when it is combined with other compounds in varying concentrations. In regard to safety profile, the cardiovascular risks (tachycardia and elevated blood pressure) associated with energy drink consumption needs to be acknowledged; however, studies reporting these changes also indicate that these changes still remain within normal limits. Regardless, individuals who may be “at risk” should be aware of the potential dangers, especially when these drinks are consumed in hot, humid environments with or without expected physical exertion.
Energy drink expectancies among college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Aaron C. Luneke, Tavis J. Glassman, Joseph A. Dake, Alexis A. Blavos, Amy J. Thompson, Aaron J. Kruse-Diehr
Energy drink consumption is associated with other behaviors detrimental to health, including disordered eating, weight loss attempts, illicit prescription drug use, drunk driving, riding with a drunk driver, and excessive alcohol use.6–8 One of the more serious concerns with energy drink consumption is the rise in emergency department visits, a number that doubled in a three-year span from 10,000 in 2007 to 20,000 in 2011.9 Indeed, 1 in 10 of these visits resulted in hospitalization due to adverse reactions such as tachycardia, irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, insomnia, headache, nervousness, and seizures.10 Additionally, higher perceived stress levels and anxiety have both been linked to increased energy drink consumption, with frequency of energy drink use accounting for 29% of the variance in anxiety scores among a small sample of college students. 2,3
Factors influencing the non-medical use of prescription opioids among youth: results from the COMPASS study
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Alexandra M. E. Zuckermann, Wei Qian, Katelyn Battista, Ying Jiang, Margaret de Groh, Scott T. Leatherdale
To describe the impact of substance use on NMUPO, current binge drinking was defined as having had five or more drinks of alcohol at least once a month in the past 12 months. Mixing energy drinks with alcohol was defined as answering “Yes” to “In the last 12 months, have you had alcohol mixed or pre-mixed with an energy drink (such as Red Bull, Rock Star, Monster, or another brand)?”. To assess cannabis use, students were asked “In the last 12 months, how often did you use marijuana or cannabis? (a joint, pot, weed, hash).” Those who reported using cannabis one to three times a month were identified as occasional users, while those using once a week or more often were identified as regular users. This distinction was made to facilitate interpretation as a high proportion of students used cannabis only occasionally and because it was hypothesized that such ‘experimenting’ may not be (as strongly) associated with NMUPO.
Caffeine and energy drink use by combat arms soldiers in Afghanistan as a countermeasure for sleep loss and high operational demands
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Tom M. McLellan, Lyndon A. Riviere, Kelly W. Williams, Dennis McGurk, Harris R. Lieberman
In addition to collecting demographic information such as age, rank, years of service, military occupational specialty, and history of deployment and tobacco use, the survey assessed sleep quality and use of caffeinated beverages. Soldiers indicated how many energy drinks were consumed each day during their current deployment and when not deployed. Questions assessing consumption of 12-ounce (355 mL) servings of coffee, and caffeinated tea and soft drinks were also included. Daily caffeine intake was calculated using 160 mg of caffeine as the caffeine content for each 16-ounce (475 mL) energy drink, 128 mg for a 12-ounce cup of coffee, and 52 mg of caffeine for a cup of tea or soft drink consumed.3,28,29 For all analyses, soldiers were divided into three categories defined as non-users and very low caffeine users (≤52 mg or the equivalent of 1 cup of tea or soda), moderate users (>52 and <400 mg or up to two energy drinks and one soda, or three cups of coffee) and heavy daily consumers (>400 mg). The use of 400 mg to separate moderate and heavy consumers of caffeine is consistent with a conservative upper limit for caffeine consumption proposed by Nawrot et al.30 and confirmed by Wikoff et al.31 for lack of adverse health effects associated with daily caffeine intake.