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Nutrition Part I
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
A meta-analysis of nine studies of 222,081 men and women found the overall reduction in CHD risk was 4% for each additional portion of fruit and vegetable intake per day and 7% for each additional serving of fruit (115). Dark green leafy vegetables had the most dramatic reduction in CHD risk. In a meta-analysis of 95 studies, for fruits and vegetables combined per 200 grams/day, there was an 8% decrease in CHD. Similar associations were observed for fruits and vegetables separately. Reductions in risk were observed for up to 800 grams/day for CHD with the intake of apples and pears, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and salads (116). Some vegetarian diets may be deficient in many nutrients which require supplemental B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, calcium, carnitine, zinc, and some high-quality amino acids and protein (117). Other studies suggest several other problems, such as decreased sulfur amino acid intake with a low elemental sulfur, increased homocysteine, and oxidative stress. In addition, lean muscle mass was 10% lower and there may be an increased risk of subclinical malnutrition and CVD (117).
Acne, rosacea and similar disorders
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
Sulfur (as elemental sulfur 2–10 per cent) has been used traditionally as a treatment for acne. It seems to be helpful for some patients, but has dropped out of fashion. Its efficacy probably depends on both its antimicrobial action and its comedolytic activity.
Chemical Factors
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Sulfate and chloride ions account for more than 99% of the negative charge in seawater salts, with chloride being far more abundant and comprising more than 50% of the total ionic composition.31 In river water, sulfate generally occurs in greater proportion than chloride, averaging 9% of the total dissolved solids compared to 6.5% for chloride. The oxidation of iron sulfide minerals (e.g., pyrite) releases sulfate ions that are transported to estuaries and oceans. Where anoxic conditions exist in estuarine sediments and stagnant areas in the deep sea, such as the deeper waters of the Black Sea, the concentration of sulfate ions decreases as sulfate-reducing bacteria utilize the sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfide. Elemental sulfur is likewise a product of most anoxic environments, being a dynamic intermediate in the sulfur transformations within anoxic sediments.32 In intertidal sediments rich in organic matter where iron sulfide has formed, the sediments have characteristically incurred a black coloration.33 Although biologically mediated sulfate reduction takes place in marine environments, this process has little effect on the overall sulfate concentration in the open ocean. Approximately 30 to 40% of the sulfate carried to the oceans has been ascribed to anthropogenic input, specifically the increased use of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels which raises atmospheric SO2 levels.34,35
Hydrogen sulfide: a target to modulate oxidative stress and neuroplasticity for the treatment of pathological anxiety
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Mary Chen, Caroline Pritchard, Diandra Fortune, Priyadurga Kodi, Marco Grados
Given the likely benefit of administering H2S compounds that are physiologically viable in humans, recent work has focused on methods of administering safe, stable H2S-releasing compounds. As of 2017, the United States Patent and Trademark Office have received innovative proposals to deliver H2S for human therapeutics, including derivatives of anti-inflammatory drugs like H2S -aspirin, Allium sativum extracts, inorganic salts, phosphorodithioate derivatives, and thioaminoacid derivatives [111]. Much of the focus has been on the vasodilating properties for cardiovascular disease and the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties for use in CNS disorders. Among the more common delivery vehicles for H2S release are sulfide salts, H2S-releasing moieties attached to known drugs, and the stimulation of H2S generation, for example, by bolstering CBS function. Sulfide salts, such as Na2S and NaHS, are potent H2S sources but have evident disadvantages for pharmacological use due to their production of rapid but short-lasting and labile increases in H2S concentration [112], which may be supra-physiological and pro-inflammatory [113], while also presenting the risk of containing elemental sulfur [114]. Notwithstanding, a phase I proof-of-principle clinical trial of a novel H2S prodrug (SG1002; sodium polysulthionate) found a stable increased level of NO and H2S in 15 participants, some with heart failure, with no untoward effects [115]. However, there are no known ongoing clinical trials in humans with sulfide salts [90].
Effect of long term application of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) in a light oil-producing oilfield
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Mohita Sharma, Priyesh Menon, Johanna Voordouw, Yin Shen, Gerrit Voordouw
Many of the taxa detected in the present study have been reported in corrosive biofilms of other oil production facilities (Lenchi et al. 2013; Vigneron et al. 2016; Sharma and Voordouw 2017). Sessile cells are more likely to cause a localized attack of the metal surfaces. APB like Gammaproteobacteria/Pseudomonas, Bacteroidetes/Proteiniphilum (Table 2: entries 1 and 4) and many of the Firmicutes can contribute to MIC by fermentatively producing acid, creating a micro-acidic environment (Akpan et al. 2013). Pseudomonas and Acetobacterium have also been detected previously in the pig envelope isolated from Alaskan north slope oil facilities (Duncan et al. 2009). Gammaproteobacteria/Stenotrophomonas (Table 2: entry 5) and Gammaproteobacteria/Pseudoxanthomas (Table 2: entry 6) are known biofilm formers, which have been reported to increase corrosion in laboratory studies (Ashassi-Sorkhabi et al. 2012; Boretska et al. 2014). Firmicutes/Acetobacterium can potentially produce acetic acid from CO2 and cathodic H2, which can be utilized for the growth of other corrosive bacteria, including SRB (Mand et al. 2014). Two genera belonging to the class Deltaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria were also found, namely Desulfovibrio and Geoalkalibacter (Table 2, entries 13, 15). Many studies have previously demonstrated Desulfovibrio to accelerate corrosion of mild steel (King and Miller 1971; Fonseca et al. 1998; Dinh et al. 2004; Nguyen et al. 2008; Yu et al. 2013). Geoalkalibacter has been isolated from oilfield samples before and is a known manganese and iron-reducing bacterium (Greene et al., 2009; Liebensteiner et al. 2014). Thermotogae/Geotoga, (avg. 2.4%, entry 7, Table 2), previously isolated from oil reservoirs, are known fermentative bacteria which can reduce elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide and contribute to electrochemical corrosion through this process (Usher et al. 2014; Vigneron et al. 2016). The microbial signature in the solid samples indicated the presence of microorganisms that can contribute to MIC, which need to be removed with an effective biocide program or with frequent pigging.
Characterization of the biofilm grown on 304L stainless steel in urban wastewaters: extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacterial consortia
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Islem Ziadi, Leila El-Bassi, Latifa Bousselmi, Hanene Akrout
Microorganisms forming a biofilm on a metal surface and their metabolic activity also have a significant impact on the corrosion process. Thus, the bacterial communities in the biofilm frequently produced localized corrosion or pitting corrosion of the metal or alloy (El-Bassi et al. 2020). A study by El-Naggar et al. (2010) showed that iron-bacteria (IB) participated in the initial colonization, and played an important role in the establishment of the biofilm. During microbiologically influenced corrosion (the MIC process) stainless steel (SS) is a main source of Fe2+. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) oxidize ferrous ions (Fe2+) to ferric ions (Fe3+) to produce energy for their growth. Several strains of iron-oxidizing bacteria bio-catalyze this oxidation process (Liu et al. 2015). Moreover, iron-reducing bacteria (IRB), which are mostly anaerobic bacteria, can be involved in MIC process. For their anaerobic respiration, IRB use dihydrogen as electron donor and ferric iron as electron acceptor (Moreira et al. 2014). On the other hand, sulfate-bacteria (SB) were known to be the main cause of the MIC of SS, in which sulfate is present (Ibrahim et al. 2018). Sulfate- bacteria (SOB) are mostly aerobic bacteria. For their respiration, the SOB oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds such as metal sulfides, H2S, SO3−2, S2O3−2 and elemental sulfur to produce energy for their growth. These species produce aggressive and corrosive byproducts to iron and steel, such as the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and the sulfurous acid (H2SO3). These corrosive byproducts form soluble sales, which lead to additional corrosion exposure (Liu et al. 2015). Likewise, anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been known to induce corrosion of iron and steel (Zhang et al. 2011). These bacteria produce H2S or HS− and use sulfate ion (SO4−2) as the terminal electron acceptor. HS− interacts aggressively with Fe2+ to produce iron sulfide (Zhang et al. 2011). Indeed, various factors, such as the environmental conditions and the diversity of the microbial populations in the medium, make experimental studies on the microbial diversity of IB and SB on stainless steel (SS) in real urban wastewater- challenging.