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Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Of particular note, in one study the antidepressant-like effects of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum were compared in rats that had had intracerebral injections of beta-amyloid. That treatment can cause not only memory deficits, but also anxiety and depression-like behaviors. The two species of basil, Ocimum sanctum L. and Ocimum basilicum, were essentially equal in reducing immobility time in the forced swim test. Moreover, the major phytochemicals were similar in the two species, with linalool, camphor, b-elemene, α-bergamotene and bornyl-acetate, estragole, eugenol, and 1,8-cineole being the primary constituents of each.19
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Essential oil containing mainly essential γ-elemene, β-selinene and β-zingiberene obtained from the flowers of Dendropanax morbiferum H. Lév. given orally to high cholesterol-fed Wistar rats for 2 weeks at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg normalized plasmal cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol and triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol and these effects were superior to clofibrate (100 mg/kg/day).339 Zhong et al. provided evidence that oral administration of with 50 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks of β-elemene to rabbits on high-fat diet lowered plasma cholesterol and triglycerides as well as low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol.340 β-Elemene injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.1 mL/100 g per day for 8 weeks protected Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis.341
Chemistry of Syzygium cumini
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
The caryophyllane type of sesquiterpenoids, such as β-caryophyllene (55), isocaryophyllene (56), caryophyllene alcohol (57), and β-caryophyllene epoxide (58), has been detected in EOs. Additionally, nine aromadendranes, γ-gurjunene (59), (+)-aromadendrene (60), alloaromadendrene (61), isoaromadendrene V (62), globulol (63), epiglobulol (64), spathulenol (65), viridiflorol (66), and ledol (67), have been detected in EOs of various morphological parts, as shown in Table 6.5. Other sesquiterpenes of the cadinane group, namely, torreyol (68), α-amorphene (69), cadina-1,4-diene (70), calacorene (71), α-muurolene (72), α-muurolol (73), γ-cadinene (74), and δ-cadinene (75), have been reported. Eudesmanes such as eremophilene (76), valencene (77), α-selinene (78), β-selinene (79), and β-eudesmol (80) have been reported. In addition, seven more sesquiterpenes of the farnesene group, α-farnesene (81), cis-α-farnesene (82), β-farnesene (83), cis-β-farnesene (84), cis-farnesol (85), cis-nerolidol (86), and trans-nerolidol (87), have been detected. A bisabolane, β-bisabolol (88), has been detected from fruits. Two copaane sesquiterpenoids, namely, α-ylangene (89) and α-copaene (90), have been found in EOs of leaves and aerial parts, respectively. The leaf EOs have shown the presence of β-elemene (91), β-guaiene (92), and α-himachalene (93), which belong to the elemene, guaiene, and himachalane types of sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Widdrol (96) is a widdrane type of sesquiterpenoids found in fruits. Other sesquiterpenoids, like β-maaliene (97), junipene (98), neocedranol (99), and α-santalol (100), have been reported from different parts of the plant, as shown in Table 6.5.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors derived from β-elemene scaffold
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Yuan Gao, Jilong Duan, Xiawen Dang, Yinghui Yuan, Yu Wang, Xingrui He, Renren Bai, Xiang-Yang Ye, Tian Xie
β-Elemene (Figure 1, 1) is a sesquiterpene extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin1,2. It has been used in the treatment of lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, and malignant brain glioma3–8. Studies have shown that β-elemene inhibits tumour cell growth via diverse mechanisms9,10, including induction of apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell proliferation and migration, etc. However, its clinical application has been limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and moderate antitumor activity11–14. To overcome these shortcomings, the combination therapy of β-elemene with other anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin15, paclitaxel16, and gefitinib17 have been extensively studied. On the other hand, the structural modifications based on β-elemene scaffold such as the hydroxyl carboximates derivatives18, vinylated derivatives19, NO-donating derivatives20 and macrocycles derivatives 21 have been a major trend for identifying new chemical entities with better anticancer effects and potential better druggability than β-elemene. The above mentioned cancer treatment paradigms have achieved great success and broad prospects in the treatment of solid tumours, but has poorly reported for the treatment of lymphoma.
Second generation β-elemene nitric oxide derivatives with reasonable linkers: potential hybrids against malignant brain glioma
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Renren Bai, Junlong Zhu, Ziqiang Bai, Qing Mao, Yingqian Zhang, Zi Hui, Xinyu Luo, Xiang-Yang Ye, Tian Xie
Natural products have always been a significant direct and indirect source of anti-tumour drugs9. Elemene, an anti-tumour natural medicine, is a crucial example. Elemene is a sesquiterpene exacted from the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin. β-Elemene is the highest content in elemene crude extract and is also the most important anti-tumour active ingredient10,11. The anti-tumour mechanisms of β-elemene are relatively complicated. It exerts a good anti-tumour effect in the human body through comprehensive mechanisms, including inhibition of tumour cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, blocking tumour cell invasion and metastasis, and immune system regulation. More importantly, in human clinical trials, β-elemene also enhances the sensitivitsy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and reverses multidrug resistance (MDR) 7,9,12–15. After years of experimentation and efforts, elemene oral emulsion (CFDA number H20010338) and elemene injection (CFDA number H10960114) developed by our research team was approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) as broad-spectrum anti-tumour drugs in the 1990s7Figure 1.
Novel hydroxyl carboximates derived from β-elemene: design, synthesis and anti-tumour activities evaluation
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yuan Gao, Nian-Dong Mao, Hao Che, Li Xu, Renren Bai, Li-Wei Wang, Xiang-Yang Ye, Tian Xie
Elemene extract obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin composes of a mixture of sesquiterpene. Among these elemene isomers, β-elemene is the most abundant one and is responsible for elemene’s anti-tumour activities (Figure 1)1,2. In fact, elemene liposomal injection and elemene oral emulsion have been approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of various human cancers (Figure 1)3,4. Pharmacologically, β-elemene suppresses tumour cell growth via diverse effects including induction of apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest, and intervention of cell proliferation and migration5–8. Scientists also discovered that the combination of β-elemene with other immune drugs could enhance the body’s immune response to tumours9. Despite these attractive anticancer properties, the poor water solubility and moderate anti-tumour activities limit the maximisation of their clinical applications.