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Fluid Bed Processing
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
For an explosion to occur, three conditions must exist: an ignition source, a fuel, and oxygen. With an explosion, oxygen reacts with the fuel releasing heat and gases. If a dust explosion occurs in free space, a fireball of a considerable extent arises. If the dust explosion occurs in a closed container, then there is a sudden pressure rise that is mainly decided by the following factors: type of dust, size of the dust, dust/oxygen ratio, turbulence, precompression, temperature, the shape of the container, and an ignition source. In a container without precompression and with organic dust of sufficient fineness, the pressure inside the container can rise to over 10-bar overpressure.
Risk Perception, Risk Management, and Safety Assessments
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
N. Indumathi, R. Ramalakshmi, N. Selvapalam, V. Ajith
One of the main responsibilities of the employer is the implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 to protect the public and employees from the detrimental effects of chemical substances spread out inside the premises of the industry. A chemical fitness hazard evaluation (CHRA) on chemical use is performed periodically to evaluate the workers’ physical fitness (Husin et al., 2012). The use of chemicals in the fireworks industry is inevitable and leads to many hazards such as fire and explosion, and occupational hazards and injuries such as chemical skin burns, respiratory diseases, reproductive problems, and even death (Freivalds and Johnson, 1990). Burning of waste products of the fireworks industries may produce carbon monoxide. Although there is less possibility of exposure to these smokes for the workers, if they get exposed to carbon monoxide, it may find its way to the bloodstream through inhalation and would lead to carboxyhemoglobin formation in the bloodstream. Continuous production of carboxyhemoglobin would lead to headache, damage to the central nervous system, and eventually death (Poulton and Kosanke, 1995). Similarly, at the explosion of fireworks, particles of metals such as iron and copper may have the possibility to enter the inner sections of the cornea, which will result in retinal trauma, cataract formation, and glaucoma (Al-Tamimi, 2014). The atmospheric contaminations in the form of particles are any form of risk quotients, risk indices, and cancer risks are by the particulate matter of PM10. Although there are many other air pollutants that can cause breathing problems, cardiovascular problems, bronchitis, lung infection, lung fibrosis, deep vein thrombosis, and lung cancer. PM and other pollutants, such as O3 and NO2, are more likely to cause these unfavourable outcomes (Chalvatzaki et al., 2019). Fireworks industry uses flash powder. The flash powder mixture is highly sensitive and produces electrostatic discharge and friction. Flash powder mixture is highly likely to lead accidents and also illness (Azhagurajan, and Selvakumar, 2014). Dust explosions are a frequent hazard in pyrotechnics industries and other industrial environments. Dust explosions are one of the causes of mortality, contamination, and adverse environmental effects. A flammable dust is any quality material that has the potential to seize hearth and explode when mixed with air. The waste disposal of chemical mixing produces lots of dirt or pollution to the surroundings (Taveau, 2014). Exposure to these chemicals often results in various short- and long-term health problems such as poisoning, pores and skin rashes, and disorders of the lung, kidney, and liver (Gouder and Montefort, 2014).
Development of mining workwear with high ergonomic performance fabrics based on the modular design concept
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Mining is undoubtedly dangerous, not only because of the threat of disaster but also because the working environment is always unfavorable. The thermal conditions of mines vary with the altitude and underground depth. Cold weather usually exists in high-altitude and shallow mines in northern areas [1]. In contrast, the air temperature may exceed 30 °C in an underground mine with a depth of 1000 m [2,3]. The extreme thermal environment damages workers’ physical health, resulting in low work efficiency and high accident risk [4–6]. Dust is another severe threat in the mining environment [7,8]. The concentration of coal dust can reach 1400 mg/m3, which may cause dust explosion accidents [9,10], and the high dust concentration may also lead to low visibility through back-scattering, especially in underground mines where lighting is the only illumination method [11]. Sprinklers are commonly used for dust control, but will increase the air humidity to over 80%. Although the mechanization of coal mining has greatly reduced the demand for manual labor, miners still need to use equipment in such hazardous environments. Thousands of non-fatal accidents and injuries have been reported every year, such as operating errors, slips, trips and falls [12,13].
A fuzzy causal relational mapping and rough set-based model for context-specific human error rate estimation
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Suprakash Gupta, Pramod Kumar, Gunda Yuga Raju
Accident classification initiates devising countermeasures for the issues of safety and risk management. Chen et al. [9] followed an incidence-based classification of accidents, like a gas explosion, poisoning, suffocation, coal dust explosion, fire, coal and gas outburst, inundation, roof fall accident, transportation and hoisting accident, and blasting accident. This classification system helps little in identifying the right section of employees with specific weakness in performance and framing apt error mitigating measures. Many researchers have vouched for a human error-based classification of accidents that helps to frame a structured and focused approach to understand the potential causes and ways of mitigating human errors. Researchers have followed various schemes for analysis and classification of human error [40]. This study follows the classification systems presented by Rasmussen et al. [41] and Reason [42], which are based on the ‘mental context’ of committing errors, i.e., skill based, rule based and knowledge based, and on the nature of the error itself, i.e., slip or lapse, mistake and violation.
Analysis of fatal injuries in Serbian underground coal mines – 50 years review
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Jelena Ivaz, Saša Stojadinović, Dejan Petrović, Pavle Stojković
Figure 4a shows the percentage of fatal injuries according to the cause of the disaster. The maximum of 42% belongs to the legislation disregard, followed by the management misbehaviour at 36% and with a minimum contribution of individual unsafe acts at only 6%. Disregard of legislation, human factor were recognized as the accident cause in the research of other authors as well. Zheng et al. (2009) covered Chinese underground coal dust explosion accidents over 1949–2007 period and concluded that 94% of the casualties were a consequence of unsafe behaviour and work discipline breach. Yin et al. (2017) indicated that gas explosions in Chinese coal mines were caused by human factor. Chen et al. (2012) revealed that 97.67% of coal mine accidents were attributed to unsafe behaviour. From the foregoing it can be concluded that the two main causes of disasters were legislation disregard and management misbehaviour. Compared to the data on Chinese and Indian mines, the unsafe behaviour of workers, as a causative agent of mortal injuries, had a very small share for mines in Serbia.