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Principles of Treatment for Arthropod Bites, Stings, and Other Exposure
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Antihistamines block most, if not all, of the effects of histamine release. This is accomplished by competing for histamine at its receptor sites, thus preventing histamine from attaching to these receptor sites and producing an effect on body tissues. Oral administration of antihistamines is often recommended for local reactions. In treating generalized systemic or anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine remains the most important treatment and can be life-saving. Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine hydrochloride are given parenterally.
Nausea and Vomiting in the Clinical Practices of Radiology and Anesthesia
Published in John Kucharczyk, David J. Stewart, Alan D. Miller, Nausea and Vomiting: Recent Research and Clinical Advances, 2017
M. Riding, D. S. Litz, A. Gerber
This group of antihistamines, which are also antiemetics, include diphenhydramine hydrochloride and dimenhydrinate. Both are used in radiological practice, the latter for postmyelographic nausea and vomiting; however, the use is empirical at best. Dimenhydrinate has been shown to be less effective than hyoscine in preventing motion sickness.79 In fact, the powdered chyme of Zingiber officinale (ginger) has been shown to be superior to dimenhydrinate in the treatment of motion sickness.80 In the author’s experience, these drugs, despite their widespread use because of their “safety”, are at most only moderately useful in preventing the vomiting of myelography and other radiological procedures. This is in itself another argument against a histamine release mechanism as the cause of emesis from contrast media.
Chitosan-coated alginate (CCA) nanoparticles for augmentation of topical antihistaminic activity of diphenhydramine: in-vitro optimization, skin histopathology and pharmacodynamic studies with in vitro/in vivo correlation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Sandy N. Aziz, Alia A. Badawy, Demiana I. Nessem, Nevine S. Abd El Malak, Marianne J. Naguib
Type I hypersensitivity, also known as acute hypersensitivity, is caused by antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) attaching to the surface of mast cells [1,2]. When these antibodies come into contact with antigen, they activate mast cells, causing them to degranulate quickly, releasing histamine, serotonin, and other inflammatory mediators [3,4]. These mediators lead to a series of responses that is characteristic of allergy [5]. Depending on the site of release of histamine, different reactions are noticed, for example, histamine release in the skin causes hallmark wheals and flares [6,7]. There are different types of antihistamines used to treat hypersensitivity reactions, among them, H1-antihistamines are considered the first generation of antihistaminics and the prototype of H1-antihistamines is diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DHH) [8]. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a lipophilic drug [9] with a pKa value of 8.98 [10] thus easily crossing the blood–brain barrier when taken orally causing decrements in alertness and performance [11]. A conventional topical gel of diphenhydramine hydrochloride was used to avoid the oral side effects to treat skin allergy. However, multiple applications of gels to reach the best therapeutic effect lead to less patient compliance [12]. In addition, the topical diphenhydramine preparations demonstrated a very low antipruritic activity [13,14].
Ayahuasca Lyophilization (Freeze-drying) Protocol with Pre- and Post-procedure Alkaloids Quantification
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Vanessa Manchim Favaro, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Alessandra Sussulini, Fernando Cassas, Maria Gabriela Menezes Oliveira
The lyophilization was conducted in the LIOBRAS L101 lyophilizer using its AISI 304 tray and the acrylic chamber. The concentration of the alkaloids DMT, THH, HME, and HML was determined by UHPLC-MS/MS using a previously validated method (Souza et al. 2019). The instrumentation consisted of a mass spectrometer Quattro Micro API series (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA), with electrospray ionization (ESI) operating in the positive ion mode and a triple quadrupole mass analyzer, coupled to an Acquity UPLC system equipped with BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of water and methanol. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride was used as an internal standard. Samples and standards were analyzed using a 1 µL injection volume, and MS/MS analyses were performed using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) of the protonated molecular ions for the analytes and internal standard. Both the original liquid and the final freeze-dried ayahuasca were analyzed; the freeze-dried sample was resuspended in water with the original liquid proportion for the analysis.
Efficacy of lipid emulsion therapy in treating cardiotoxicity from diphenhydramine ingestion: a review and analysis of case reports
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Joseph Clemons, Arvinder Jandu, Brandon Stein, Michael Chary
Diphenhydramine (DPH) is an inverse agonist at H1 histamine receptors and an antagonist at muscarinic receptors [1]. It is sold as an over-the-counter medication for allergic symptoms and as a sleep aid. A parenteral formulation, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, is commonly used as part of the treatment for severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. The oral and parenteral formulations can treat extrapyramidal symptoms and dystonic reactions. Diphenhydramine is also used for anxiolysis, sedation, euphoria, and hallucinations. Of the 2,595,526 exposures reported to US Poison Control Centers in 2016, 108,777 (4.19%) involved antihistamines and 75,833 (3.98%) involved only antihistamines; 30 of the 711 (4.2%) of the fatalities were judged likely or undoubtedly due to diphenhydramine ingestion [2].