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Pulp Therapy for Primary Teeth
Published in M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson, Restorative Techniques in Paediatric Dentistry, 2021
M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson
Research has shown that the full-strength solution shown in Table 4.1 is unnecessary, and a 1/5 dilution is as successful. The dilute solution is constituted as shown in Table 4.2. This is enough for a large number of pulpotomies.
Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Water is effectively more concentrated in the dilute solution on side o, which means that there will be a concentration gradient of water from side o to side i. Initially, there will be more water molecules striking the membrane on side o per unit area per unit time due to random thermal motion, or Brownian motion, than on side i, which results in a net flow of water down its concentration gradient, from side o to side i. This net flow raises the level of water on side i with respect to side o, creating a hydrostatic pressure that opposes the flow of water from side o to side i. Under equilibrium conditions, the tendency of water to flow down its concentration gradient, from side o to side i, referred to as osmotic pressure difference, is balanced by an equal and opposite tendency of water to flow from side i to side o under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure difference due to a head h. Equilibrium is dynamic, meaning that flow in either direction does not stop but becomes equalized.
Volumetric Approach to the Upper Face
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Deborshi Roy, Sachin M. Shridharani
Repeated treatments with poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) are necessary to build up an adequate tissue response and obtain proper results. For the temporal area, some injectors use the standard dilution of the product recommended by the manufacturer—that is, 4 cc of sterile water mixed with 2 cc of 1% lidocaine per vial. Others prefer to use a more dilute solution, mixing 6 cc of sterile water with 2 cc of 1% lidocaine. This dilute solution has less clumping and therefore a lower incidence of nodules. Injections should be in the supraperiosteal plane when treating the temporal area with PLLA. Vigorous postinjection massage is crucial for an even result. With standard dilutions, 1–2 cc of product are needed per side. With the more dilute preparation, 2–4 cc may be needed per side.
Single-molecule measurements in microwells for clinical applications
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Connie Wu, Adam M. Maley, David R. Walt
When making single-molecule measurements, one must consider both the size of the ultrasmall volume containers (i.e. microwells or water-in-oil droplets) and the sample volume. As stated above, the concentration of a single molecule in a 1 fL volume is 2 nmol/L, which is easily detectable if the molecule is fluorescent. However, in a 100 µL sample with a concentration of 1 fmol/L, the experiment becomes much more difficult. A 100 µL sample of 1 fmol/L solution contains 60,000 molecules. If each of these molecules is confined to a 1 fL microwell, one would have to look at over one million microwells before detecting even a single molecule. If not enough microwells are interrogated, the measurement will not be representative of the sample. To circumvent this issue, many single-molecule methods include a preconcentration step before the detection step. With preconcentration, a dilute solution that contains a small number of molecules can be converted to a smaller volume at a higher concentration.
Binding symmetry and surface flexibility mediate antibody self-association
Published in mAbs, 2019
Joseph D. Schrag, Marie-Ève Picard, Francis Gaudreault, Louis-Patrick Gagnon, Jason Baardsnes, Mahder S. Manenda, Joey Sheff, Christophe Deprez, Cassio Baptista, Hervé Hogues, John F. Kelly, Enrico O. Purisima, Rong Shi, Traian Sulea
Protein aggregation is commonly perceived as resulting from non-specific interactions between hydrophobic core regions exposed by unfolding or misfolding and is related to the conformational or folding stability.10,13 Another critical, albeit somewhat under-appreciated14 and less well understood,9 pathway for protein aggregation is self-association of natively folded protein monomers.4 These interactions typically lead to reversible homo-oligomers that may nucleate irreversible aggregates in dilute solution,10 and contributes to viscosity at high concentrations required for sub-cutaneous administration.3,15 In dilute solution, native self-association is thought to occur mainly due to exposure of hydrophobic patches at the surface of the folded monomers, with some contributions from domain-level charge distributions,11,16,17 whereas at high concentration it is mainly driven by electrostatic forces between the charge distributions of the folded structures with secondary contributions from hydrophobic interactions.18–21
The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Robin J. Slaughter, Martin Watts, J. Allister Vale, Jacob R. Grieve, Leo J. Schep
However, the intentional ingestion of a large volume of a dilute solution (less than 6% hypochlorite) or ingestion of concentrated solutions (greater than 6% hypochlorite) can cause much more severe poisoning [23]. Although limited supporting data are provided, estimates of greater than 40 mL or 5 mL/kg in children [37,38] or 150–200 mL in adults [23,39] of dilute solutions have been suggested as amounts likely to cause corrosive or systemic poisoning. In these circumstances corrosive injury including erythema, edema, or ulceration of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus can occur. In severe cases there may be esophageal and/or gastric perforation [18–21,23–25,29–31,33,37,40–46], with dysphagia and drooling as presenting features [20,25,28,35,44]; a black tongue has been noticed in some cases [19,31].