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Prenatal Care
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Gabriele Saccone, Kerri Sendek
Constipation is common in pregnancy, probably because of decreased bowel peristalsis (possibly related to increased progesterone). Constipation is reported by nearly 70% of women in the mid-trimester. In nonpregnant adults, exercise, increase in water intake, dietary counseling, and certain foods (e.g., prunes) have been shown to relieve constipation. If these self-help measures are inadequate, the pregnant woman should then try daily bran or wheat fiber supplements. There is insufficient evidence to comprehensively assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions (pharmacological and nonpharmacological) for treating constipation in pregnancy, due to limited data (few studies with small sample size and no meta-analyses). Compared with bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant laxatives (e.g., senna 14 mg or dioctyl sodium succinate 120 mg and dihydroxyanthraquinone 100 mg—Normax) appear to be more effective in improving constipation (moderate-quality evidence), but are accompanied by an increase in diarrhea and abdominal discomfort. Docusate sodium is a similar stimulant laxative, and it is widely available. Additionally, dietary fiber supplements (e.g., 10 mg/day of either corn-based biscuits—Fibermed—or 23 g wheat bran) increase the frequency of defecation and are associated with softer stools [139]. These findings in pregnant women are consistent with nonpregnant evidence.
Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides
Published in Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radionuclides Production, 2019
The use of 68Ga would greatly be facilitated by the availability of ionic gallium-68. For this reason several attempts282–288 have been made to replace the EDTA as eluant. 68Ga yields between 49% and 90% have been reported in literature.282,284 Recently 68Ga-labeled dihydroxyanthraquinones have been used for the imaging of kidney and liver.289 When gallium-68 becomes available commercially in an ionic form this radionuclide may become of great importance: its position for positron emission tomography would be the same as the position of technetium-99m for the conventional scintigraphy.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Seeds contain fatty matter, tannic acid, sugar, gum, starch, cellulose, achrosine, traces of calcium sulfate and phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, iron, silica, malic acid, and chrysophanic acid. Leaves contain carthartin, a coloring matter, and salts. The seeds of C. occidentalis were also found to contain rhein, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol.251 Extractive of C. occidentalis furnished, in addition to emodin and physcion, two unidentified pigments having mp 214 to 216 and 243 to 245°C; chrysophanol; α-3-sitosterol and a new xanthone, cassiollin, identified as 1,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxy carbonyl-3-methyl xanthone.252 Isolation of physcion (3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) has also been reported from the plant.178
Synthesis, screening and nanocrystals preparation of rhein amide derivatives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
Lijiang Chen, Jinfeng Zhang, Jinghong Rong, Yu Liu, Jinghua Zhao, Qingguo Cui, Xin Wang, Xiao Liang, Hao Pan, Hongsheng Liu
RH (purity ≥98%) was purchased from Xi’an Huilin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanxi, China). 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (internal standard, IS) was obtained from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). l-Leucine methyl ester hydrochloride, l-isoleucine methyl ester hydrochloride, l-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride, l-valine methyl ester hydrochloride, l-glycine methyl ester hydrochloride, l-glutamic acid diethyl ester hydrochloride, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and the antibiotics (100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 U/mL of streptomycin) were purchased from Dingguo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Poloxamer 188 (F68) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Lecithin (LC) was obtained from Tianfeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shenyang, China). Mannitol was purchased from Tianjin Bodi Chemical Holding Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Roswell park memorial institute (RPMI-1640) medium was supplied by Thermo Fisher Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Haoyang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The cell lines HepG2 was obtained from Chinese Academy of Medical Science (Beijing, China). Methanol of HPLC-grade was obtained from Yuwang Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade.
Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of five rhubarb anthraquinones in rats after oral administration of effective fraction of anthraquinones from rheum officinale
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Di Zhao, Su-Xiang Feng, Hao-Jie Zhang, Na Zhang, Xue-Fang Liu, Yan Wan, Yu-Xiao Zhou, Jian-Sheng Li
For the HPLC-FLD analysis, the internal standard should have similar chromatographic behaviour to the analyte and mimic the analyte in any of the sample preparation steps. 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone was adopted as the IS for the quantification of rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion because of its similarity of retention action and little endogenous interference with the analytes.
Anti-hyperglycemic and genotoxic studies of 1-O-methyl chrysophanol, a new anthraquinone isolated from Amycolatopsis thermoflava strain SFMA-103
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Cheemalamarri Chandrasekhar, Hemshikha Rajpurohit, Kalpana Javaji, Madhusudana Kuncha, Aravind Setti, A. Zehra Ali, Ashok K. Tiwari, Sunil Misra, C. Ganesh Kumar
Post-prandial hyperglycemia could be cured by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. Enzymes including α-amylase and α-glucosidase which helps in stimulating the breakdown of carbohydrate dietary substrates and lowering the intestinal absorption of glucose. α-amylase present in saliva and pancreas helps in hydrolyzing α-1→4 linkages present in starch into various oligosaccharides such as maltose, maltotriose, and α-dextrins. These products are converted by a combination of different exohydrolases: maltase-glucoamylase and sucrose-isomaltase present in the intestinal brush border (Dhital et al.2017). α-glucosidases (glucoamylase, dextrinase, maltase, and sucrase) present on the brush border of intestines acts at the terminal end of oligosaccharides to release glucose which further gets absorbed into intestine elevating the blood glucose levels. Dihydroxyanthraquinones were earlier reported to form hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues present in quinone binding site of maltase-glucoamylase enzyme which is one of the prominent intestinal brush border enzymes (Arvindekar et al.2015). In the present study, OMC which is structurally similar to chrysophanol was evaluated for its anti-hyperglycemic activity. Initially, in silico studies were carried out to understand the amino acid residue interactions of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase with OMC and establish the binding energy values in comparison with acarbose as standard. OMC exhibited relatively high binding energy and less stable interaction when compared to acarbose. In fact, acarbose (645.6 g/mol) contains 9 torsional bonds and is a highly polar molecule; while OMC (268.26 g/mol) contains only one torsional bond and is a moderately polar molecule. Since, the molecular weight, torsions, and presence of polar groups are deemed less in OMC, it produced high binding energy as revealed through docking experiments. In addition, both acarbose and OMC interacted efficiently with α-amylase because of the higher number of hydrogen bonds or contribution due to steric interaction in the active site of the protein-ligand complex. Based on promising molecular docking results, enzyme inhibition assays were performed with OMC where the results showed moderate inhibition of OMC against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Considering this fact, starch tolerance test was performed in Wistar rats with acarbose as standard. Glucose lowering efficacy of OMC exhibited 100 mg/kg as compared to starch control (Figure 3). These results corroborated with the reports on glucose transport assay conducted in L6 rat myoblasts (CRL-1458TM) by chrysophanol that showed mild anti-diabetic effect (Lee and Sohn 2008).