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Biochemical Methods of Studying Hepatotoxicity
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Prasada Rao S. Kodavanti, Harihara M. Mehendale
ICD has received attention as a marker of hepatic disease. Elevations of this enzyme in serum or plasma is relatively specific for liver disease. This enzyme is present in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and changes in serum ICD parallel those in transaminases in patients with hepatobiliary disease. However, ICD is a less sensitive marker than are the transaminases. During CCl4 toxicity, ICD was less sensitive than SDH. Korsrud et al. (1973) reported elevations of serum enzymes during thioacetamide-, dimethylnitrosamine-, and diethanolamine-induced hepatotoxicity.
Uro-Angiographic Contrast Agents—The Holy Grail
Published in Christoph de Haën, X-Ray Contrast Agent Technology, 2019
12: Iodopyracet diethanolamine = diodone diethanolamine (PER-ABRODIL™, I. G. Farbenindustrie AG, Germany). Formulated as salt of diethylamine (PELVIREN D™, I. G. Farbenindustrie AG, Germany), as mixt salt of diethylamine and diethanolamine (PER-ABRODIL FORTE™, I. G. Farbenindustrie, Germany; DIODRAST™, Winthrop Chemical Company Inc., USA), or as salt of meglumine (PER-ABRODIL M™, I. G. Farbenindustrie, Germany). I/P = 1.0.
Fusidate Sodium
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Previously a special preparation, diethanolamine fusidate, was available for intravenous administration. This preparation often caused venospasm and thrombosis (Webb et al., 1968). Now an intravenous preparation of sodium fusidate is available, which also often causes thrombophlebitis, but apparently this problem is not so severe as with the earlier preparation (Portier, 1990). The adult dose of sodium fusidate is 500 mg given intravenously every 8 hours. Each dose should be dissolved in 50 ml of sterile buffer, then diluted further in 200–250 ml of normal saline, and this should be infused intravenously over 2 hours or even longer.
Impregnation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grafts with BMP-2 loaded functional nanoparticles for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Zeynep Karahaliloglu, Batur Ercan, Baki Hazer
Octadeca-9, 12-dienoic acid (linoleic acid) was purchased from Fluka (Code 62,240). Styrene, Phosphate-buffered saline (1XPBS), 1-Ethyl-3- [3-dimethylami-nonpropyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), paraformaldehyde, Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit (MAK022) and Alkaline Phosphatase Diethanolamine Activity Kit (AP0100) were supplied from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Poly (ethylene glycol) (molecular weight = 1000 g/mol, PEG1000NH2) was obtained as a gift from Huntsman Corporation (Switzerland). rhBMP-2 (RPA013Hu01) was purchased from Cloud-Clone Corp. (Katy, TX, USA). TACS Annexin V-Fluorescein Apoptosis Detection Kit, and α-MEM (Minimum Essential Medium), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin–streptomycin were supplied from R&D Systems, Inc., (MN, USA), and Biological Industries (Israel), respectively. Human BMP-2 ELISA assay kit was supplied by BT Lab Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China). Further, PET artificial ligaments were obtained from a LARS ligament (Surgical Implants and Devices, Arc-sur-Tille, France). The PET sheets were cleansed in 75% (v/v) ethanol solution, and then dried at RT overnight for further experiments. All other chemicals were used directly without further purification.
A review of mammalian in vivo genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium: implications for oral carcinogenicity risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Chad M. Thompson, Marilyn J. Aardema, Melissa M. Heintz, James T. MacGregor, Robert R. Young
A similar conclusion was drawn by leveraging an analysis that demonstrated that most carcinogens exhibit greater genotoxic potency than tumorigenic potency, i.e., lower benchmark dose values for genotoxic endpoints than carcinogenic endpoints (MacGregor et al. 2015; Soeteman-Hernandez et al. 2016). However, this relationship did not hold for chloroform and diethanolamine—two carcinogens widely thought to induce tumors via non-mutagenic MOAs. Thompson et al. (2016) recognized that Soeteman-Hernández et al. (2015) included Cr(VI) in their analyses, specifically using benchmark doses for intestinal tumors in B6C3F1 mice and MN induction in am3-C57BL/6 mice. As already discussed, MN results in this strain are highly uncertain. Replacing the genotoxicity benchmark dose with a composite benchmark dose from combined modeling of the other four MN assays in NTP (2007) or even treating the highest no effect levels in the other duodenal genotoxicity assays as benchmark doses, Cr(VI) behaved more like chloroform and diethanolamine, with carcinogenic potency being greater than genotoxic potency (Thompson et al. 2016).
How subtle differences in polymer molecular weight affect doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles degradation and drug release
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Natalya Kumskova, Yulia Ermolenko, Nadezhda Osipova, Aleksey Semyonkin, Natalia Kildeeva, Marina Gorshkova, Andrey Kovalskii, Tatyana Kovshova, Vadim Tarasov, Joerg Kreuter, Olga Maksimenko, Svetlana Gelperina
The content of monomers was measured using a capillary electrophoresis system Capel-105M combined with the Elforun software (Lumex, Russia). Analysis conditions: a quartz capillary tube (internal diameter 75 µm, effective length 50 cm, total length 60 cm), hydrodynamic sample injection at 30 mbar for 10 s; analysis time of 4 min; the detection wavelength was 254 nm; separation voltage of −20 kV; the temperature was 25 °C. Before analysis the capillary was washed according to the following order: H2O – 1 М НCl – H2O – 1 М NaOH – H2O (5 min for each solution). The leading electrolyte consisted of a 10 mM solution of benzoic acid and 0.5 mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 8.6 using 9 mM solution of diethanolamine. The capillary was washed with the leading electrolyte for 4 min before analysis and with H2O – 1 М NaOH – H2O after each analysis (2 min for each solution).