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Pseudo-Proteins and Related Synthetic Amino Acid-Based Polymers Promising for Constructing Artificial Vaccines
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Highly promising representatives of the synthetic AABPs, having valuable material properties and suitable for biomedical applications, were first reported in 1994 (Arabuli et al. 1994). Along with AAs the main “bricks” for constructing these polymers were physiological, non-toxic, cheap, and readily available organic compounds such as diols and dicarboxylic acids. We used the name pseudo-proteins (PPs) for these polymers to distinguish them from other classes of the synthetic AABPs (Katsarava, Kantaria, and Kobauri 2019).
Clinical Endocrinology of Pregnant Mares
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Progestins can be classified in pregnenes and 5α-pregnenes. The first group includes P5, P4 and 5-pregnene-3β,20β-diol (P5ββ), while second group includes 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (5αDHP), 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one (3β5P), 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one (20α5P), 5α-pregnane-3β,20β-diol (ββ-diol), and 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol (βα-diol). Of them, the most important ones in maternal plasma during this period are 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5αDHP) and its derivatives, 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one (20α5P) and 5α-pregnano-3β,20α-diol (βα-diol). The origin of all of them is found in P5, synthesized mainly in the fetal adrenal gland, with a production rate exceeding 10 μmol/min. In the placenta, P5 is converted to P4 and this is transformed into 5αDHP in the endometrium (Hamon et al., 1991; Han et al., 1995). Maternal plasma concentrations of 5αDHP progressively increase from 1.5 ng/mL in the first week of gestation to 38 ng/mL at term. Although at the beginning of gestation the pattern of secretion runs parallel to that of P4 around 90 days of gestation. Subsequently, the onset of P4 decline gives way to fetoplacental synthesis of the different progestogens whose concentrations continue to increase during the second half of gestation. Thus, 20α5P, which is initially at 5 ng/mL, reaches 69 ng/mL at 200 days of gestation and 300 ng/mL at term. On the other hand, the concentrations of βα-diol increase to 484 ng/mL (Legacki et al., 2016), while 3β5P, P5ββ, and ββ-diol reach values of 100, 10, and 100 ng/mL, respectively toward the end of gestation (326–350 days) (Ousey et al., 2005).
Designing Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Zohreh Arabpour, Mansour Youseffi, Chin Fhong Soon, Naznin Sultana, Mohammad Reza Bazgeir, Mozafari Masoud, Farshid Sefat
Polyesters are polymers formed from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol. Polyesters can be degraded by hydrolysis of the ester groups. The degradation rates can be controlled by the polymer concentration, structure and molecular weight. Polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), their copolymer poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are popular synthetic biopolymers. These polymers have suitable property for bone and cartilage regeneration (Liu and Ma 2010, Deshpande et al. 2013).
Alginate-based aerogels as wound dressings for efficient bacterial capture and enhanced antibacterial photodynamic therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ning Guo, Yu Xia, Weishen Zeng, Jia Chen, Quanxin Wu, Yaxin Shi, Guoying Li, Zhuoyi Huang, Guanhai Wang, Yun Liu
Recently, the boronic acid, especially phenylboronic acid, has been widely used in antibacterial applications due to its capacity to form reversible covalent bonds with diols (Cheng et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020). In another word, it could bind to any diol containing compounds to form boronic esters. Consequently, the binding of boronic acid to diol containing antibacterial agents is responsive to acidic pH, which has been utilized for infectious microenvironment-responsive bactericidal release during treatments (van der Vlies et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021). More importantly, boronic acid is also employed as a functional group for specifically reacting with the diol groups of glycoproteins and polysaccharides on the bacterial cell walls to achieve bacterial targeting attachment and amplify their accumulation on the cell walls ( Beyranvand et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). Therefore, boronic acid surface modification is a promising strategy for improved therapeutic efficiency during anti-infective therapy.
Mechanistic insights into the rational design of masked antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2022
Carolina T. Orozco, Manuela Bersellini, Lorraine M. Irving, Wesley W. Howard, David Hargreaves, Paul W. A. Devine, Elise Siouve, Gareth J. Browne, Nicholas J. Bond, Jonathan J. Phillips, Peter Ravn, Sophie E. Jackson
Crystals of T-dAb Fab were grown by sitting drop vapor diffusion. The crystallization reagent was 0.2 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 4.6) and 25% w/v PEG 4000. 200 nL of the protein solution of T-dAb Fab was mixed with 200 nL of the reagent and equilibrated over a reagent well containing 50 µl at 20°C. Crystals with a rod-like morphology (100 µm) appeared in the drops after 13 days. Crystals were cryo protected using 23% butane-2,3 diol added to the well solution and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. X-ray data were collected on beamline IO4 at the Diamond Light Source. Data processing was performed using autoPROC47 and STARANISO (Global Phasing Ltd) and showed acceptable data extending to 2.35 Å. Molecular replacement was achieved using PHASER48 and a trastuzumab model (PDB 4HJG) with a nanobody model (PDB 6DBE). Coot,49 Refmac50 and Buster51 (Global Phasing Ltd) were used during model building and refinement. The final model was in space group P 21 21 2 with cell dimensions of a = 160 Å.7, b = 59.9 Å, c = 63.5 Å α = β = γ = 90° and showed a single T-dAb Fab fusion in the asymmetric unit. Data collection, processing, refinement, and model statistics can be found in Table S5.
Intoxication with Fireball Whiskey causing severe lactic acidosis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Moeed Ahmed, Sunil K. Jagadesh, Mohamad Ali Alhajhusain, Sangeeta Mutnuri
Propylene glycol is a viscous, colorless liquid that possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classified as a diol. It is miscible with a wide range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. It has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as a preservative in foods and as a solvent in pharmaceuticals.1 Unlike methanol and ethylene glycol (which cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis), it is not classified as a toxic alcohol. Cases of propylene glycol poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.2 Propylene glycol is also one of the ingredients used in Fireball Whiskey. We present two cases of severe lactic acidosis in the setting of Fireball Whiskey use.