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Metrifonate: Clinical Experience and Therapeutic Efficacy
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
From the first series of clinical investigations it became clear that the drug is preferentially active against S. haematobium, but has almost no effect against S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Despite many pharmacological and parasitological investigations undertaken, the reasons for the overwhelmingly monospecific activity of metrifonate against S. haematobium and its mode of action remain obscure.20 Two hypotheses have been formulated to explain the monospecific action of metrifonate. One hypothesis suggests that the susceptibility of cholinesterases to inhibition by metrifonate and/or its degradation product dichlorvos could differ between schistosome species.21,22
Organophosphorus Compound-Induced Mitochondrial Disruption
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
Kaur et al. (2007) demonstrated that chronic low-level exposure to dichlorvos resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial complex I and cytochrome oxidase in rat brain, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced ROS production led to disruption of cellular antioxidant defence systems and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In the chronic dichlorvos exposure study of Wani et al. (2011) mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis was observed in rat brain following the ultrastructural changes discussed earlier. The fact that neuronal apoptosis was attenuated when rats were pre-treated with the mitochondria specific antioxidant MitoQ, suggests that oxidative damage to mitochondria was involved and that MitoQ is a potential protective agent against dichlorvos-induced neuronal apoptosis.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, and malathion are organophosphate insecticides. Piperophos is an organophosphate herbicide. An in vitro human androgen receptor screening assay showed that chlorpyrifos and piperophos are potent androgen receptor antagonists.190 In vitro treatment of piperophos and chlorpyrifos decreased testosterone secretion and downregulated Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd17b3, and Star in rat Leydig cells.190 Chlorpyrifos also decreased in LH-stimulated stimulated cAMP production.190
Mycotoxicosis – diagnosis, prevention and control: past practices and future perspectives
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
During storage of crops, production of mycotoxins depends upon the amount of inoculum present, temperature, humidity, moisture content, and insect activity (Bricknell et al. 2007). Fungal infection usually occurs prior to harvest and can also occur from dormant fungal spores in silos or might also be transported by insects or rodents. Fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol are predominantly preharvest problems while aflatoxins are basically both preharvest and postharvest problem. Water contents should be below 14% in storage (DPI&F 2005a). Good aeration should be done when ambient temperature is high. Cooling of grains should be done as quickly as possible after harvest and maintain proper and uniform levels of grains throughout storage area (Shapira 2004). There are different insects of storage like Sitophilus zeamais, mots, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum (Rozado et al. 2008) and their prevention should be done by using air tight storage, hygiene, aeration, controlled atmosphere, and drying. Phosphine fumigation, dichlorvos, and other residual pesticides should be used to control pests (DPI&F 2005b).
Comments on Chhabria et al. “Lipid emulsion for acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning”
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Michael E. Mullins, David B. Liss, Steven J. Fishburn, William H. Dribben, Evan S. Schwarz
The most important outcome is survival, which had no apparent difference in proportion between these groups. One problem that may have contributed to the apparent lack of effect on survival and most other outcome measures is that the organophosphates are not uniformly lipophilic. The two most common OPs identified in both groups were chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos. Chlorpyrifos is quite lipophilic with an octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) of 4.96 (suggesting that the lipid chlorpyrifos concentration is nearly 10,000 times the aqueous concentration at equilibrium) [2]. In contrast, dichlorvos has a much lower log P of 1.43 (the anti-log of which is about 27) [2]. It is plausible that lipid emulsion may be more effective for chlorpyrifos than for dichlorvos and that results among dichlorvos patients dilute the apparent effect for the overall group. We suggest a secondary analysis of the patients with identified poisonings by either chlorpyrifos or dichlorvos with comparison between these two groups. In general, we believe that authors discussing likely effects of lipid emulsion should give the log P of the drug or toxin so that readers may judge the likelihood of effect [3].
Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Parquetina nigrescens Mitigates Dichlorvos-Induced Cardiorenal Dysfunction Through Reduction in Cardiac Nitrotyrosine and Renal p38 Expressions in Wistar Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Ademola A. Oyagbemi, Temidayo O. Omobowale, Grace O. Ochigbo, Ebunoluwa R. Asenuga, Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies, Temitayo O. Ajibade, Adebowale B. Saba, Adeolu A. Adedapo
Dichlorvos is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in developing countries where it is cheap and readily available. Exposure, both accidental and deliberate from various sources, has been a health risk for humans and animals alike as its wide range of uses increases the probability of affecting non–target species, including humans (Srivastava & Shivanandappa, 2011). Changes in anatomy and physiology of various organs following exposure of mammals to dichlorvos have been documented (Owoeye et al., 2012). Alterations, indicating cardiotoxicity (Anand et al., 2009) and nephrotoxicity (Hou et al., 2014), have also been described.