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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Although this disease is now rare, in the Middle Ages it was responsible for the death of up to twenty-five percent of the human population of Europe. It is caused by Yersinia pestis, a pleomorphic rod that is maintained in wild rodents. Man is infected by the bite of fleas which leave the rodents after they have died of the disease. The bubonic form of plague results when rat fleas inject the agent while feeding. In this form of the disease Y. pestis becomes localized in the lymph nodes draining the area of the bite. When the nodes become enlarged, they are called buboes. The infection progresses throughout the body. Sometimes the lungs become infected. When this happens, the disease may be spread by aerosols produced by coughing. This form is called pneumonic plague. The disease is readily treatable with streptomycin but if untreated may be rapidly fatal in a high proportion of cases.
Prevention and Control Strategies for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Isfendiyar Darbaz, Gizem Morris, Şükrü Tüzmen
Infectious aerosols can be reduced by the rate of building ventilation (dilution) and using higher-efficiency filtration. According to the American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the key technique for building protection during the pandemic reopening process is to reduce aerosol exposure. Most heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in homes use intentional particle filtration, which decreases aerosol concentrations even more. The most powerful filter (MERV 16) can remove >95% of particles when properly built [11].
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
At low doses, the effects of an aerosol exposure include severe irritation of both the upper respiratory tract and the eyes, and a milder skin irritation. At high doses the respiratory effects are even more prominent with nasal tickling, sneezing, acute nasal and sinus pain, violent cough, choking, and thick viscous mucous production. Recovery generally occurs within 1-2 hr of cessation of exposure. Hoarseness and aphonia may appear and persist for 3-5 days. Laryngitis and tracheitis are prominent. The patient may expectorate foamy mucopurulent material. A frontal headache may be almost unbearable and chest pain may be oppressive with substantial dyspnea (WHO Consultants, 1970; Ballantyne, 1977b). Typically the onset of symptoms is delayed several minutes after the exposure, hence a greater quantity of agent may be absorbed before one is aware of the exposure, resulting in more severe symptoms and more delayed recovery.
Electronic cigarette aerosol increases the risk of organ dysfunction by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Kedar N. Prasad, Stephen C. Bondy
Human studies: The presence of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosol can lead to addiction in e-cigarette smokers (Drazen et al. 2019). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) summarizing input from 25 State Health Departments documented reported 213 cases of severe pulmonary disease associated with e-cigarette vaping (Schier et al.2019). Harmful constituents of the aerosol can cause throat and mouth irritation, cough, nausea, and vomiting (Chen 2013). The use of e-cigarettes leads to constriction of airways, and this may aggravate the symptoms of asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis (Vardavas et al.2012). It has been suggested that the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension may be increased due to the presence of toxicants in the aerosol of e-cigarettes, in addition to the elevated risk of lung disease (Lippi et al. 2014). E-cigarette smokers who used tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in e-cigarette devices were found to have bilateral infiltrates in the lung, 94% of these were hospitalized and 32% underwent intubation and mechanical ventilation, and one death occurred (Layden et al.2020). In addition, 98% of patients showed respiratory distress, 81% had gastrointestinal problems, and all had systemic symptoms such as weight loss, fevers, headache, and malaise.
The impact of aerosol box on tracheal intubation during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Trias Mahmudiono, Saurabh Singhal, Anas Amer Mohammad, Virgilio E Failoc-Rojas, Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia, Angel Santillán Haro, Yasir Salam Karim, Nizom Qurbonov, Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Ahmed B. Mahdi, Yasser Fakri Mustafa
Although droplets and direct contact with the infected patient or contaminated surfaces are considered as the main routes of transmission of COVID‑19, the aerosol transmission may happen due to aerosol-generating procedures during treatment [1]. COVID‑19 pandemic is extremely challenging for healthcare workers, especially those involved in aerosol-generating activities such as intubation, extubation, etc. [44]. Despite the use of complete personnel protective equipment, the infection risk in healthcare workers remains high [45]. Additionally, proper standard personal protective equipment shortage, prolonged exposure, inadequate spacing, and operating rooms without negative pressure can increase the risks to healthcare workers [46]. Thus, a solution protecting healthcare workers from macroscopic contamination and aerosolized microscopic viral particles would be of great benefit. To reduce the risk of exposure to healthcare workers, different guidelines and innovative devices have recently been proposed for safe, accurate, and quick airway management in COVID‑19 infected patients.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral positivity and their burden in saliva of asymptomatic carriers – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Kausar S. Fakhruddin, Anahita Haiat, Hien C. Ngo, Chamila Panduwawala, Jefferey W. Wei Chang, Lakshman P. Samaranayake
Humans produce bio-aerosols when talking, breathing, sneezing, or coughing, depending on the person's infectious status, and these may contain microbes, including viruses [48]. Many interventional procedures are known to aerosolize respiratory secretions in healthcare settings, and devices such as clinic/hospital ventilation systems are known to efficiently spread bio-aerosols into the immediate vicinity [20, 23]. Interventional dentistry procedures necessarily entail the use of high-speed handpieces and air jets, and ultrasonic periodontal scalers, which produce copious aerosols with respiratory secretion-laced salivary particles. Aerosolized microbes generated by such powered instrumentation are known to be deposited up to 200 cm beyond the operational focal point of the clinic [21,49].