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Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kumar Anand, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain, Imran Kazmi, Sanmoy Karmakar
On intravenous administration of S. miltiorrhiza depside salts in a dose of 60 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats, concentration-time curves were obtained which reflected a two-compartment model. The elimination half-lives and AUC0_6h for rosmarinic acid were 0.75 h and 6.6 h, respectively (Li et al., 2007).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The chemical composition of commercial oakmoss extracts is strongly dependent on the mode of production (type of solvent, temperature, duration and number of contacts) and possible intentional or unintentional adulteration with lichens other than Evernia prunastri or biomass (50). In oakmoss of various origins, some 175 constituents have been identified, including 15 depsides, 19 mono-aromatic compounds, 9 chlorinated mono-aromatic compounds, 5 divarinol-derivatives, 26 triterpenes and steroids, 51 terpenoids and 48 other compounds (50). Selected chemicals (the depsides and the terpenoids which are known to have caused contact allergy [from any source]) identified in oakmoss extracts of various origin are shown in table 3.67.2 (adapted from refs. 50,51). The (chlorinated) mono-aromatic compounds and divarinol-derivatives are degradation products of the depsides through hydrolysis or decarboxyla-tion. These include the main sensitizers atranol and chloroatranol, which are derived from the depsides atranorin and chloroatranorin (50).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Figure 6.3 shows how condensation of polyketides can lead to phenolic rings. Intramolecular aldol condensation of the tri-keto-octanoic acid and subsequent enolization leads to orsellinic acid (6). Polyketide phenols can be distinguished from the phenolic systems of the shikimates by the fact that the former usually retain evidence of oxygenation on alternate carbon atoms, either as acids, ketones, phenols, or as one end of a double bond. The most important natural products containing polyketide phenols are the extracts of oakmoss and tree moss (Evernia prunastri). The most significant in odor terms is methyl 3-methylorsellinate (7) and ethyl everninate (8), which is usually also present in reasonable quantity. Atranol (9) and chloratranol (10) are minor components but they are skin sensitizers and so limit the usefulness of oakmoss and tree moss extracts, unless they are removed from them. Dimeric esters of orsellinic and everninic acids and analogues also exist in mosses. They are known as depsides and hydrolysis yields the monomers, thus increasing the odor of the sample. However, some depsides, such as atranorin (11), are allergens and thus contribute to safety issues with the extracts.
Safety of the Xuesaitong injection in China: results from a large-scale multicentre post-marketing surveillance study in a real-world setting
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
Yan He, Xue-Min Gao, Lei Li, Xiao-Guang Liu, Wei Liu, Xue-Jun Hong, Bang-Hua Huang, Hong-Lian Yang, Ming-Hui Xue, Xiao-Jun Wu, Jun-Feng Liu
Traditionally, there were four main methods used for the post-marketing safety surveillance of TCM injections, including the centralized hospital monitoring method, spontaneous reporting method, literature research method, and medical record review method11. In the present study, the centralized hospital monitoring method was used to perform safety surveillance of XST injections. In fact, centralized hospital monitoring is a feasible scientific tool to evaluate the clinical safety of TCM injections12. This method measured the safety of clinical medicine based on the epidemiology in the real world and analyses of the data collected from authorized hospitals13. The advantage of centralized hospital monitoring is that representative and unbiased data can be obtained during certain time periods by monitoring multiple hospitals in certain areas at the same time14. Thus, the centralized hospital monitoring method has been used to evaluate the safety of various TCM injections, including Danhong13, Ornidazole14, Xueshuantong11, and infusion of Salvia miltiorrhiza depside salt (SMDS)5. Thus, centralized hospital monitoring is an appropriate method for post-marketing safety surveillance.
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
MS is a fast, modern, and simple tool for structure identification of lichen substances [129]. Many compounds and functional groups such as depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl butadiene have been identified using MS [50]. For example, the MS-based identification of lichen-derived anticancer agent cyaneodimycin from Lichina confinis was done using a Prevail C18 column and a combination of mobile phases of A (0.1% formic acid in water) and B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) with a gradient flow of 1 ml/min [130]. Likewise, some glycosides and alkaloids from Parmelia perlata were identified using MS [131]. These studies involved the use of MS or MS-GC instrumentation. MS successfully identified lichenochemicals used in various cancer cell treatment such as, usnic acid derivatives [28,132], sphaerophorin, pannarin, and epiphorellic acid [133], and tumidulin [33]. MS was also used in combination with other instrumentation: Time of Flight (TOF)/MS – for characterization of secondary metabolites in Hypogymnia physodes [134]; LC-MS – for identification of lichenochemicals in the lichen Lobaria scrobiculata [135]; MS/MS – for detection of protolichesterinic acid in the lichen Cetraria islandica [136].
Lichens exerts an anti-proliferative effect on human breast and lung cancer cells through induction of apoptosis
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Sule Ozturk, Merve Erkisa, Seyhan Oran, Engin Ulukaya, Serap Celikler, Ferda Ari
Mutualistic life examples of lichens, algae and/or cyanobacteria and fungi have the ability to produce some substances that cannot be produced when they live independently (Ahmadjian 1993). Up to this date, hundreds of secondary metabolites for example depsides, depsidones, carotenes, terpens, xanthones, antraquinones and chomones have been detected in lichens (Boustie and Grube 2005, Huneck and Yoshimura 1996). Some of lichen species have established to be a reservoir of these metabolites for nutrients and medicinal purposes. Secondary metabolites of lichens have varied biological activities as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo (Nguyen et al.2014, Basile et al.2015, Nithyanand et al.2015, Ristić et al.2016, Ebrahim et al.2016). Several investigations were conducted related to cytotoxic activity and antiproliferative effects of lichens or secondary metabolites from lichen extracts on cancer cell lines (Bačkorová et al.2012, Shrestha et al.2015, Studzińska-Sroka et al.2016). The extract of Parmotrema reticulatum showed anti-proliferative activity and inducing apoptosis on MCF-7 cell lines via induced cell cycle arrest (Ghate et al.2013). In a different study, anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity was also reported for the methanol extracts of Cladonia rangiformis and Cladonia convoluta against MCF-7 cells (Coskun et al.2015). In our previous study, the anti-proliferative activity of lichen species of Parmelia sulcata was investigated in breast cancer cell lines and genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. This study showed that Parmelia sulcata extract inhibited anti-growth activity on breast cancer cell lines (Ari et al.2015). In another study, we studied genotoxic, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects of metanolic extract of Hypogymnia physodes on breast cancer cell lines (Ari et al.2014a).