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Childbirth
Published in Nadia Maria Filippini, Clelia Boscolo, Pregnancy, Delivery, Childbirth, 2020
In Rome, the kneeling position (which doctors advised especially in difficult births) must have been used frequently if the deities who presided over contractions and pushing, the Dii Nixi, were portrayed in a statue on Capitol Hill precisely in this position.46 It also features in literary sources from ancient Greece: in Hesiod’s Theogony, the goddess Rhea gave birth in this way, and so did Leto, according to mythology.47 In early modern Europe, both these positions gradually disappeared, because they were considered too animal-like.
Vessel Wall Imaging
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Real-time confocal wide-field microscopy imaging was recently employed to visualize thrombus formation in the microcirculation of an in vivo mouse model of laser-induced vascular injury. Using high-speed, near-simultaneous acquisition of images of multiple fluorescent probes and of a bright-field channel, the investigators managed to visualize platelet deposition, tissue factor accumulation, and fibrin generation following endothelial injury (Falati et al. 2002). Quantitative fluorescence microscopy has been used for the visualization and quantification of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) molecules within the arterial wall of rats. As the primary event in atherogenesis is lipid accumulation within the vessel wall, Rutledge et al. sought to visualize the interactions of VLDL surface and core lipids with the artery wall. In this study, the surface lipid in VLDL was traced using the phospholipid-like fluorescent probe 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine (DiI) and the core of VLDL particles was traced by fluorescently labeling apolipoprotein B with TRITC (tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate). Subsequently, the fluorescently labeled VLDLs were perfused through the carotid arteries of rats, and their arterial wall accumulation was evaluated by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, both DiI and TRITC were primarily visualized in the endothelial layer, while DiI also depicted deeper in a subendothelial position (Rutledge et al. 2000).
Molecular Biology
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Michael Kuo, Richard M. Irving, Eric K. Parkinson
Unlike RNA, DNA is extremely stable, which is understandable from the function that each has in the cell. For purposes of studying the DNA and in order to clone specific DNA, the DNA molecule needs to be divided into manageable fragments. Although the ability to cut (and also to join up) DNA molecules now appears to be a very straightforward process, it was only 1970 when the first restriction endonuclease was identified in a strain of Haemophilus influenzae, hence its name HindII (pronounced Hin-dee-two). It is believed that this restriction endonuclease acts in vivo in bacteria as an immune or host-defence system, recognizing non-self DNA in bacteriophages and cleaving them. By surveying many different bacteria, a wide range of restriction endonucleases is now available, each of which recognizes specific target sites based on sequences of four to eight nucleotides. As a specific, a seven nucleotide sequence (heptanucleotide) will occur less frequently than a four nucleotide sequence (tetranucleotide), statistically, endonucleases recognizing heptanucleotide targets will cut less frequently thereby yielding larger fragments than those recognizing tetranucleotides. As the DNA is double-stranded, the resultant fragments may have blunt ends or cohesive (‘sticky’) ends (Figure 1.1). The nature of the ends of DNA fragments thus generated impact upon the way in which they can be ligated (joined) into recombinant molecules. Ligation of DNA fragments with cohesive ends is more efficient than joining of blunt-ended fragments.
Association between dietary inflammation index and hypertension in participants with different degrees of liver steatosis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Wenhao Wu, Zhuoya Zhang, Yan Qi, Hua Zhang, Yuan Zhao, Jin Li
DII is a new tool to assess the potential risk of an entire diet on inflammation. It is based on extensive literature including animal and epidemiological studies to investigate the inflammatory potential of diet. The inflammatory effect of diet means it could significantly increase the circulating levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, TNF-α or C-reactive protein (CRP), or decrease the circulating levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) or interleukin-10 (IL-10) [20]. Calculation of the DII scores for each individual was based on the data of 24-h dietary recall interviews and this score could evaluate the inflammatory potential of diets. Higher positive DII scores indicated pro-inflammatory diets and lower negative DII scores indicated anti-inflammatory diets [20]. Food parameters that were used to calculate DII scores in this analysis included anti-inflammatory food parameters (alcohol, vitamin B-6, b-carotene, caffeine, Eugenol, fibers, folic acid, garlic, ginger, magnesium, monounsaturated fatty acid, niacin, n-3 fatty acid, n-6 fatty acid, onion, polyunsaturated fatty acid, tiboflavin, taffron, selenium, thiamin, turmeric, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, green/black tea, flavan-3-ol, flavones, flavonols, flavonones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, pepper, thyme/oregano and rosemary) and pro-inflammatory food parameters (cholesterol, carbohydrates, energy, fats, iron, vitamin B-12, protein, and saturated fat).
The association between dietary inflammatory index and psychological profile among men with spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Hamed Mohammadi, Karim Parastouei, Hosein Rostami, Abdulmnannan Fadel
In order to calculate the DII scores, we used dietary data derived from FFQs. The development and construct validation of the DII has been reported in previous studies.16 Briefly, an individual's exposure relative to the “standard global mean” was computed through subtracting standard means from the reported amounts and dividing by the corresponding “global standard deviation”. The derived values were then converted to a centered proportion score, to minimize the effect of “right skewing”. To compute individual food-specific DII scores, the centered proportion score was multiplied by the respective overall inflammatory scores. Finally, the derived values were then summed to create an overall DII. In the present study, the DII was computed based on 27 of the 45 components, because some items were not available and rest of them are not used in the Iranian diet (e.g. ethanol). The list of 27 food parameters included in the calculation of DII with overall inflammatory effect scores and intake values from the global daily mean intake were presented in supplementary Table 1.
The Association between Dietary Insulin Index and Load with Gastric Cancer in Afghanistan
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Freshta Amiry, Ahmad Mujtaba Barekzai, Azadeh Aminianfar, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
To the best of our knowledge, no information is available linking DII and DIL with risk of gastric cancer. This lack of information is of high importance in Afghanistan, because data on the link between diet and disease is too limited in this country. In addition, considering the particular nature of diet in Afghanistan along with various factors influencing the risk of gastric cancer, it seems that assessing the link between DII and DIL and risk of gastric cancer might provide new information to the field of nutritional epidemiology. Afghani people consume high amounts of carbohydrates in their diet with a great insulin emic potential along with huge amounts of unhealthy fats. Sugar and fried foods consumption are highly prevalent among this population. In addition, wealthy people in the country do consume large quantities of red meat while its consumption is not so common among poor people. In order to develop acceptable and appropriate dietary guidelines in Afghanistan, finding the contribution of insulin emic potential of the diet to common chronic diseases in Afghani people would provide deep insights. The main aim of the present study was therefore to examine the association between dietary insulin index and dietary insulin load and odds of gastric cancer among Afghan adults.