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Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Amita Dubey, Soni Gupta, Mushfa Khatoon, Anil Kumar Gupta
Coumarins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were the three groups of secondary metabolites detected in pod extract of Senna alexandrina by Elansary et al. (2018). Relatively high content (369.15 mg/ 100 g DW) of a precursor of the phenolic acids, benzoic acid, was detected along with seven phenolic acids: caffeic (13.34 mg/ 100 g DW); gallic (15.94 mg/ 100 g DW); gentisic (363.21 mg/ 100 g DW); neochlorogenic (65.15 mg/ 100 g DW); protocatechuic (31.52 mg/ 100 g DW); syringic (5.88 mg/ 100 g DW); and vanillic (5.06 mg/ 100 g DW). They also identified seven flavonoids: cynaroside (73.28 mg/ 100 g DW); isoquercetin (195.15 mg/ 100 g DW); isorhamnetin (51.31 mg/ 100 g DW); kaempferol (137.74 mg/ 100 g DW); luteolin (22.81 mg/ 100 g DW); quercetin (80.06 mg/ 100 g DW); and rhamnetin (291.30 mg/ 100 g DW). The two coumarins identified in their study were 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (62.72 mg/ 100 g DW) and psoralene (20.93 mg/ 100 g DW).
Phytochemicals from Wild Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Argentina
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
María Paula Zunino, Andrés Ponce, Alejandra Omarini, Julio Alberto Zygadlo
Apigenin, tannin, quercetin, cynaroside, rhamnetin, rutin, quercitrin, diosmetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid, saponins, anthraquinones, and metabolites with nitrogen as a characteristic structure, such as pyrrolizidine, isoquinoline, quinolizidine, and cyanogenic glycosides were founded in Fabaceae species (Alvarez 2019). More than 100 medicinal plants were reported that belong to this botanical family, however there is a lack of information about t the pharmacological action or chemical composition of 65% of the species (Barboza et al. 2009).
Nutraceutical Herbs and Insulin Resistance
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli
Cynara scolymus, better known as artichoke, has been shown to increase body weight control and positively influence glucose and lipid metabolism both in animal models and in humans.32,33Cynara scolymus derivatives, such as mono- and dicaffeoylchinic acid compounds and glycosidic flavonoids (cynaroside and scolimoside), have recently been shown to influence glucose and lipid metabolism. This effect seems to be related mainly to the presence of chlorogenic acid.34 This compound is a potent inhibitor of glucose 6-phosphate translocase, an essential component of the hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase system, which regulates the homeostasis of blood glucose.34 In addition, dicaffeoylchinic acid derivatives can also play a hypoglycemic role in modulating the activity of α-glucosidase and consequently the catabolism of dietary carbohydrates.35
Role of PFKFB3-driven glycolysis in sepsis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Min Xiao, Dadong Liu, Yao Xu, Wenjian Mao, Weiqin Li
In 2021, Xu and colleagues revealed that a deficiency in myeloid Pfkfb3 protects mice from lung edema and cardiac dysfunction in LPS-induced endotoxemia [22]. The mechanism involves attenuating LPS-induced glycolytic flux and subsequently suppressing proinflammatory gene expression. In the same year, Pei and colleagues found that cynaroside, a flavonoid compound, mitigates sepsis-induced liver injury by inhibiting PFKFB3-driven glycolytic metabolism and then preventing macrophage polarization into the M1 phenotype [87]. In 2022, Yuan and colleagues revealed that apelin-13, an endogenous ligand for angiotensin type 1 receptor-associated protein, protects against LPS-induced inflammatory responses and acute lung injury by inhibiting PFKFB3-driven macrophage glycolysis [85]. All of the above attempts suggest that inhibiting PFKFB3-involved glycolytic metabolism can reduce sepsis-induced organ damage. However, a recent study indicated that berberine protected mice against Salmonella typhimurium infection and endotoxic shock by inducing PFKFB3-driven aerobic glycolysis and modulating cytokine responses in macrophages [51]. In addition, evidence indicates that PFKFB3-driven macrophage glycolysis is a crucial component of the body’s immune system’s resistance to aspergillosis [89] and viral [90] and Francisella tularensis [91] infections.
Evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of Egyptian artichoke leaf extract in hypercholesterolemic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Samah Fathy Ahmed, Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem, Walid Hamdy El-Tantawy
Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae), which commonly known as artichoke, has abundant therapeutic effects comprising antitoxic activity, antitumor, hypolipidemic, choleretic, showed anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties (Heidarian and Rafieian-Kopaei 2013). The phytochemical investigation of artichoke revealed the presence of a high amount of phenolics comprising cynarin (1, 3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid), caffeic, coumaric, hydroxycinnamic, ferulic, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives; mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acids, and chlorogenic acid. Also, it contains flavonoids such as luteolin, cynaroside (luteolin-7-o-glucoside), scolmoside (luteolin-7-o-rutinoside) (Sánchez-Rabaneda et al. 2003, Fratianni et al. 2007).
Antioxidant properties of polyphenols from snow chrysanthemum (Coreopsis tinctoria) and the modulation on intestinal microflora in vitro
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Minghao Zhang, Naiyu Zhao, Minhao Xie, Deqiao Dong, Weilin Chen, Yuanpeng He, Dalin Yan, Haiyan Fu, Xinlin Liang, Li Zhou
Isookanin and cynaroside had significant effects on both Shannon and Simpson index (p < 0.05), and marein only increased Simpson index (Figure 4). The similarities of microbial profiles were compared by PCA, NMDS and cluster analysis (Figure 5). The different taxa between the control and treated groups were identified by LEfSe, and the results were displayed in Figure 6. The three phenolic compounds showed some similar and distinct effects on modulating the microbial communities. Isookanin increased the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, and Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria at the class level, and decreased the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteriiae, Negativicutes, Erysipelotrichia, Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia. Cynaroside increased the relative abundances of the class of Bacilli, Negativicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria, and decreased the relative abundances of Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia. Marin increased the relative abundances of Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria and decreased the relative abundances of Erysipelotrichia and Negativicutes. All the three phenolic compounds could increase the relative abundances of Escherichia/Shigella, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Vagococcus, Citrobacter, and Odoribacter at the genus level. Noteworthy that only isookanin increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Barnesiella, and Roseburia. Isookanin and cynaroside exhibited a contrary effect on the relative abundance of Megamonas, Allisonella, and Ruminococcus2. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus was enhanced by isookanin and marein, but Akkermansia was not affected by the three phenolics.