China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The formula for cyanogen chloride (CK) is C1CN. Its vapor density is 2.0; specific gravity 1.19; boiling point 12.6°C. Cyanogen chloride is a strongly irritating gas that is easily detected at 20 mg/m3 by its irritant effects on the eyes and nose (Moore and Gates, 1946b). Some observers are able to detect eye irritation at concentrations as low as 2 mg/m3. The substance is fully metabolized to cyanide very quickly after inhalation and all subsequent systemic effects are primarily attributable to the hydrogen cyanide thereby produced.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Harry Salem
Physical Properties: Cyanogen chloride has a low bp at 13°C, a mp at −6°C, and a molecular mass of 61.5 g/mol. At STP, the compound has a vapor density of ~2.1, whereas that of hydrogen cyanide is 0.93, and a density of 1.2 g/mL at 0°C. Cyanogen chloride has a molecular dipole moment (gas) of 2.80 D (McClellan, 1963), and as was the case for hydrogen cyanide, the nitrogen atom of the linear cyanogen chloride molecule resides at the more negative end of the molecular dipole (Orville-Thomas, 1966). A colorless gas at room temperature, cyanogen chloride is often handled as a cylinder of liquefied gas; this volatility renders cyanogen chloride a nonpersistent threat agent. Cyanogen chloride is soluble in water (69 g/L) and in most organic solvents (ethanol, chloroform, or benzene, for instance). Details of the valence shell photoionization of cyanogen halides have been published (Holland and Shaw, 2004), as have the UV absorption spectra of cyanogen halides (King and Richardson, 1966).
Cyanides, sulfides, and carbon monoxide
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is used as a fumigant and in chemical synthesis. Acrylonitrile is used in the production of synthetic rubber. Cyanamide is used as a fertilizer and as a source of hydrogen cyanide. Cyanogen chloride is used in chemical synthesis. Cyanide salts are used in metal cleaning, hardening, and refining and in the recovery of gold from ores. Nitroprussides are used in chemical synthesis and as hypotensive agents. The seeds of apple, cherry, peach, apricot, plum, jetberry bush, and toyon contain cyanogenetic glycosides such as amygdalin that release cyanide on digestion. The fatal dose of these seeds varies from 5 to 25 seeds for a small child. They are only dangerous if the seed capsule is broken.
Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Gunilla Wastensson, Kåre Eriksson
Predieri and Giacobazzi (2012) developed an impinger method for determination of trichloramine in the workplace atmosphere. In the impinger flask, trichloramine reacts with potassium iodide in water solution. The released iodine reacts with diethyl-p-phenylenediamine and produces a pink coloration. The coloration is proportional to the amount of trichloramine in sampled air and is determined by spectroscopy. The LOD was 0.0036 mg/m3 at an air sampling volume of 100 liters. Other chlorinated inorganic or organic compounds such as dichloroacetonitrile, cyanogen chloride, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid or dichloromethylamine present in the air (Cardador and Gallego 2011; Weng et al. 2011; Afifi and Blatchley 2015) are suspected to interfere with the analysis leading to an overestimation of the trichloramine exposure. The percentage of interference was, however, not determined.
Continuous flow technology vs. the batch-by-batch approach to produce pharmaceutical compounds
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Kevin P. Cole, Martin D. Johnson
Use of dangerous or highly toxic reagents can often be accomplished more safely in flow because the smaller reactor sizes limit the amount of material in the process chain that could potentially undergo an undesired event or release [15]. In addition, the higher heat transfer area per unit volume increases heat removal capabilities [16]. Dangerously exothermic events such as Grignard reagent formation can easily be rendered inherently safer by drastically reducing the volume of the process required to produce commercial quantities [17]. If a hydrogenation can be conducted in continuous mode, the reactor may be small and contain so little vapor space of hydrogen as to minimize the potential of explosion should it vent; better yet, it could simply be placed outside and eliminate any concern over explosive gas accumulation in indoor plant infrastructure! [11] This also applies to other high pressure reactions with hazardous gas reagents like hydroformylations and carbonylations. If the reactants or products are highly potent or toxic, the smaller continuous rig can often be placed in a series of fume hoods for containment, and the portable unit operations dedicated to that product, eliminating cross-contamination concerns with respect to product changeover. Continuous reactions are safer for reactions with hazardous reagents like diazomethane [18], sodium cyanide, methanesulfonyl cyanide, and cyanogen chloride [19], as well as reactions that have a safety benefit of zero headspace like organic azide formations [20] or flammability concerns such as ozonolysis [21]. Similarly, in many cases some or all of the wetted portions of the continuous rig can be constructed of inexpensive consumable components that can be discarded after processing to eliminate cross-contamination potential from the reactor itself [9].