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Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Joseph A. Dallal, Colleen M. Rocafort
The main approaches to minimizing corrosion from the fluids inside the container are the following (36): Lowering the concentration of oxygen.Lowering the concentration of corrosive ions such as chlorides and sulfates.Optimizing the pH of the system while maintaining the product quality.Utilizing a synergistic combination of corrosion inhibitors simultaneously.
Stress, Coping, Resilience and Trust during the Flint Water Crisis
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2020
Joanne Sobeck, Joanne Smith-Darden, Megan Hicks, Poco Kernsmith, Paul E. Kilgore, Lara Treemore-Spears, Shawn McElmurry
In 2014, the City of Flint, Michigan changed its source of drinking water from Lake Huron treated by the Detroit Water System, to locally treated water from the Flint River. This change in water source brought public and widespread attention because the change of the water system was in response to the Flint’s financial crisis, not for health reasons. Following the water change, corrosion-control practices including the use of orthophosphate, a common corrosion inhibitor, were not correctly implemented, reportedly an additional cost saving measure.3,4 As a result, pipes in the distribution system as well as residential homes began to corrode, releasing iron and lead into the water supply. Within a month of the switch, Flint residents started to report various water odors, changes in color to their water supply, along with documented rashes, hair loss and other health problems.5 Subsequent to these reports, numerous complaints from residents regarding the quality of water were reported to the local government, however, these complaints were ignored.
DNA breaks evaluation of two water-based metalworking fluids by an occupational exposure design
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Zahra Moradpour, Parviz Abdolmaleki, Behnam Hajipour-Verdom, Ali Khavanin, Zahra Panjali, Nader Maghsudi, Mansoureh Hamidi, Rezvan Zendehdel
The biological activity of boron-containing chemicals was reported in different studies (Soriano-Ursúa et al.2014, Bolt et al.2017). Identification of toxic effects of some boron components turned into therapeutic usage of these chemicals (Das et al.2013) as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-protest, antifungal, and anticancer usage (Scorei and Popa 2010, Yang et al.2018). However, some researchers believe boron toxicity strategies should be used for boron-containing chemicals application (Soriano-Ursúa et al.2019). In a study by Lenke Horvath et al. the effects of boron nitride were investigated on the viability and metabolic status of various cell types including lung alveolar cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. The results showed that boron nitride is cytotoxic for all cell types studied (Horvath et al.2011). However, toxic effects of boron component were confirmed by Canturk et al. study. They found that boron compounds in both lymphocytes and HL-60 cells decrease mitochondrial function and increase cell death (Canturk et al.2016). The results of our study show for MWFs used in the industrial process, comet parameters of fluid with boron component (Bb) occurred at a level lower than ethyl amine-containing fluid (Cb). These results were confirmed by significantly higher DNA damage in air samples of Ba type than Ca samples. It seems more investigations have to be studied for toxicity assessment of corrosion inhibitors in MWFs. However, based on our results careful design has been recommended for the usage of boron-containing MWFs. We suggest faster replacement of boron-containing MWFs in metal processing industries based on the chemical content of fluids. In summary, chemical production management has to be considered for the usage of MWFs in the industries. The risk of MWFs exposure in the workers’ health is the target of our study. Difference between the A549 cell line exposure and airborne exposure of the workers is the limitation of our study.
Conditioning of metal surfaces enhances Shewanella chilikensis adhesion
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Benjamin Tuck, Elizabeth Watkin, Anthony Somers, Maria Forsyth, Laura L. Machuca
Initially the ability of these compounds to form a conditioning film on CS was evaluated. For eDNA interactions with the pre-oxidised surface, the phosphate backbone of nucleic acids is expected to be important. In a study by Liu and Liu (2014) fluorescently labelled nucleic acids were able to bind iron oxides (Fe3O4) through phosphate (see Figure 8), where quenching of the fluorescent signal on nucleic acids was used to indicate iron oxide adsorption. Similarly, research has indicated that small peptides and amino acids form part of the conditioning film under aqueous environments (Das and Reches 2015). Specifically histidine, aspartate, glutamine and tyrosine can provide metal binding sites in proteins (Yamauchi et al. 2002). Amine and carboxylate groups are mainly responsible for this phenomenon (Yamauchi et al. 2002; Pušnik et al. 2016). Serine, threonine, glutamine and glutamic acid adsorption to steel surfaces have also been evaluated, indicating a capacity as corrosion inhibitors (Amin et al. 2012; Zhu et al. 2019). Based on the current literature and known interactions of eDNA and amino acids with CS (AISI 1030), it was hypothesised that eDNA would require an iron oxide-based CS interface for adsorption and amino acids would interact with CS without requiring corrosion products (i.e. a freshly wet-ground surface). Two surfaces were therefore established for conditioning film formation: pre-oxidised and freshly wet-ground CS. Attachment of both eDNA and amino acids to wet-ground surfaces was evaluated, and demonstrated that only amino acids were able to adsorb on wet-ground CS. A layer of amino acids formed on CS when applied overnight in a stagnant system, therefore electrochemical experiments were conducted to confirm the interaction of this layer with wet-ground surfaces. Since CS corrodes quickly in aerobic ASW (Refait et al. 2020), and amino acids have been applied as corrosion inhibitors (Zhao et al. 2014), galvanic current and corrosion potential measurements were an ideal platform for evaluating the formation of a conditioning film by amino acids.