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Trace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Ingestion of copper from foods or simple salts appears to be relatively safe in humans. Estimates of safe intakes for indefinite time periods range from 10 to 35 mg Cu per d.808 Even 200 mg/d appears to be safe for short time periods.808 Acute copper toxicity may be more feasible. As little as 10 mg of copper (as a salt) may produce nausea, and 64 mg copper as 250 mg copper sulfate produces vomiting.808 Lethal doses in humans are thought to be 3.5 to 35 g. Acute toxicity symptoms are nausea, vomiting, jaundice, intravascular hemolysis, gastric hemorrhage, and hepatic necrosis. Situations where copper supplements should not be given are (1) Wilson’s disease (rare congenital disorder of excess tissue copper), (2) Indian childhood cirrhosis, (3) biliary atresia, (4) α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and (5) primary biliary cirrhosis.958 These conditions all cause copper to accumulate in tissues.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Various inorganic and organic metal compounds have been used as fungicides in the past, and some (e.g., organic mercury compounds) have been banned (119). Copper sulfate has been used since the mid-1800s, and because of its effectiveness as a fungicide and its low toxicity, it remains one of the most widely used fungicides. Triphenyltin acetate is also used as a fungicide; it has moderate to high acute toxicity but may cause reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption (120).
Irritants and rubefacients*
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Fatalities have been reported following the ingestion of 10 g of zinc or copper sulfate. Copper sulfate poisoning is a leading cause of death in some parts of the third world. It is used orally as an emetic and as ‘cleansing agent’ in religious ceremonies. It has been found in children’s ‘toy chemistry sets’ to grow crystals. Acidic water can leach copper from pipes and one outbreak of poisoning has been reported due to this mechanism of exposure. Copper sulfate is contained in herbicides: the fumes cause ‘vineyard sprayer’s lung’. No fatalities from aluminum salts have been reported in recent years, but excessive aluminum loading can occur as a result of dialysis, intravenous therapy, or administration of aluminum hydroxide in the presence of renal impairment. The pathologic findings in deaths from astringent salts include hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and kidney and liver damage.
Acute fungicide self-poisoning - a prospective case series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Edward Nendick, Fahim Mohamed, Jacques Raubenheimer, Indika Gawarammana, Nick A. Buckley, Michael Eddleston
There is a lack of detailed literature on acute oral fungicide self-poisoning. Review of the literature for cases of acute oral toxicity with fungicides reveals mass casualty events attributed to fungicide contamination of grain [17,18] and a small number of self-poisoning cases lacking clinical details [19–32] (Table 1). Most of the literature focuses on just two fungicides: the OP fungicide edifenphos [19,24,29–32] and copper sulfate [27,28,33–35]. Edifenphos inhibits phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in fungi but cholinesterases in mammals (similar to OP insecticides). Its rat oral LD50 is 150 mg/kg; it has been classified as WHO hazard class Ib to be consistent with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)’s system of classification (Toxicity Hazard Category 3) [13]. Copper sulphate inhibits spore germination in fungi but is hemolytic in mammals causing anemia, as well as corrosion in the GI tract, renal and liver failure [27,28,33]. The WHO reports a rat oral LD50 of 300 mg/kg for copper sulphate, resulting in WHO hazard class 2 and GHS toxicity hazard category 3 classifications [13]. There are many reports of copper sulphate self-poisoning in the literature (n > 30); however, given that it is used in paint and leather industries as well as religious practice in Sri Lanka and India, many reports are unclear whether the copper sulphate used in self-poisoning was fungicidal in origin [27,28,33–35].
Copper oxide nanoparticles promote the evolution of multicellularity in yeast
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Jiaqi Tan, Qixin He, Jennifer T. Pentz, Cheng Peng, Xian Yang, Meng-Hsiu Tsai, Yongsheng Chen, William C. Ratcliff, Lin Jiang
Using a Zetasizer-Nano ZS instrument (Malvern Instrument Ltd., UK), we determined that the CuO NPs in the culture medium had 291.6 ± 11.7 (mean ± s.d.) nm of hydraulic diameter and -18.1 mV of zeta potential. We prepared the microcosms with bulk CuO in the same way. To quantify the actual dissolved Cu concentration in the bulk and nano-CuO treatments, we incubated microcosms (without yeast) with either bulk or nano-CuO for 24 h, filtered the samples collected from the microcosms through 0.22 μm glass filters, and measured the concentration of Cu ions in microcosms with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, iCAP 6300 DUO, Thermo, USA). We found that the copper ions (Cu2+) in the microcosms increased from zero to 0.140 mg/L and 0.705 mg/L in the microcosms with bulk and nano CuO, respectively. We thus included a copper ion treatment with 0.705 mg/L Cu2+ added into the medium in the form of copper sulfate (CuSO4, 1.76 mg/L). We replicated each treatment six times.
Attenuation of brain mitochondria oxidative damage by Albizia julibrissin Durazz: neuroprotective and antiemetic effects
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Hamed Fathi, Ali Ziar, Hamidreza Mohammadi
Induced emesis by ipecac and copper sulfate significantly (p < 0.001) decreased in all doses of A. julibrissin extract flower (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) in the treated chickens when compared with control group (Figures 1 and 2). The inhibition percentages of retching generated by ipecac were reduced 40%, 44%, and 60% (for 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively). Inhibition percentages of retching generated by copper sulfate were decreased 37%, 50.5%, and 69% by different doses of extract, respectively. Moreover, metoclopramide (2 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the induced emesis by copper sulfate and ipecac compared with the control group (Figures 1 and 2).