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Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
In general, the colloidal solution of nanoparticles is formed by an organic phase where the bioactive compound is dispersed or dissolved together with the matrix, which can be polymeric or lipid and will be chosen based on the physicochemical characteristics of the compound to be encapsulated. This organic phase will be added in an aqueous phase (FA) composed of water and surfactant, giving rise to an oil-in-water emulsion (Crucho and Barros 2017; Li et al. 2017). Being more specific, in the case of cyclodextrins, they can be synthesized using enzymes, glycosyltransferases, or acting in polysaccharides such as starch. The polysaccharides act as precursors of cyclic oligosaccharides (Venturini et al. 2008).
Grinding gives power and color
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
If sand is shaken with water, a suspension results. Because of the large size of the sand particles they would settle down on standing. If particle size is reduced gradually, then at the size of 1–100 nm a colloidal state is formed. In this condition, the solution appears homogeneous and particles do not settle down on standing. Particles are not separable by filtration. Coarser particles are broken to the colloidal size by grinding and the color of the colloidal solution depends upon (a) size and shape of particles, (b) wavelength of the light falling on solution, (c) selective absorption power of solution, (d) observer receives the light by transmission or reflection. Conclusively, it can be said that the colloidal state does not indicate a class of substances but is a state. Any substance can be brought into the colloidal state.
Treatment of Anaphylaxis
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
A venous cannula should be inserted early. Fluid treatment may be started with crystalline solution 500 to 1000 ml during the first hour. Because metabolic and vascular abnormalities are associated with an anaphylactic process, a colloidal solution is recommended in the presence of hypotonia.10 Corticosteroids are usually also given intravenously, e.g., hydrocortisone 250 to 500 mg or methyl prednisolone 80 to 125 mg, although little evidence supports the administration of corticosteroids during the acute anaphylactic stage. Corticosteroids may limit late or recurrent manifestations of anaphylaxis.
Bisphosphonate-functionalized micelles for targeted delivery of curcumin to metastatic bone cancer
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Sumedh Kamble, Pegah Varamini, Markus Müllner, Théophile Pelras, Ramin Rohanizadeh
Our micelles possessed a hydrophilic surface (alendronate-terminated PEO) and demonstrated size below 100 nm, minimizing the risk of phagocytic uptake. DLS analysis of Cur-ALN-NPs showed a mean size of ∼26.36 nm and low dispersity of 0.26 ± 0.01. Zeta potential of the freeze-dried micelles was +2.87 mV. Ideally, NPs with zeta potential above +30 mV or less than −30 mV prevent particle agglomeration and such formulation demonstrate better physical stability (Kumar and Dixit 2017). However, this is mostly relevant to the NPs formulation designed to remain in colloidal solution. Unlike other micellar systems, such as micelles formed by poly(L-aminoacid)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers, pluronic micelles or other terblock polymer micelles dissociates rapidly in the solution (Rapoport 1999). Therefore, freeze-drying of formulated micelles was critical to improve stability and to maintain drug loading of micelle formulation during its storage. The lower size of our curcumin micelles did not impair curcumin loading capacity and 4.0% loading was observed with even the smallest particle size.
Diallyl disulphide-loaded spherical gold nanoparticles and acorn-like silver nanoparticles synthesised using onion extract: catalytic activity and cytotoxicity
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
You Jeong Lee, Song-Hyun Cha, Hyunjo Kim, Sung Eun Choi, Seonho Cho, Youmie Park
The extraction yield of the onion extract was 5.6%. After synthesis, the OE-AuNPs and OE-AgNPs exhibited their characteristic SPR peaks at 532 nm and 391 nm, respectively (Figure 2(A)). The inset in Figure 2(A) shows the colloidal solution of each nanoparticle type: OE-AuNPs (purple colour, left image) and OE-AgNPs (yellow colour, right image). Clear observation of SPR signals suggested that nanoparticles were effectively synthesised by the onion extract, which plays a role as a reductant during the synthesis. In the onion extract, primary and secondary metabolites are found such as carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, oligosaccharides, and organosulfur compounds [21]. For the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, a reducing power of metabolites is an essential factor for a successful synthesis. Specifically, carbohydrates, amino acids, and polyphenols in the onion extract were mostly likely to contribute to a reduction reaction of metal ions. Shervani and Yamamoto have used monosaccharides and polysaccharides as a reductant for the synthesis of AuNPs and AgNPs [22]. Twenty amino acids were also applied as a reductant for the synthesis of AuNPs suggesting that amino acids have sufficient reducing power [23].
Identification of somatostatin receptors using labeled PEGylated octreotide, as an active internalization
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
OCT should be typically PEGylated at its N-terminus and not the Lys side chain, because the latter is crucial for its activity [28,43]. The size (hydrodynamic diameter), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of particles are issues that designate the stability of materials [50,51]. PDI suggests the way of stability since it characterizes the size distribution variety in colloidal solution. PDI with high values indicates the heterogeneity of the particle size in suspension, while PDI with small values indicates the homogeneity of the particle size in suspension. All PDI indices lower than 0.7 which are ideal, which suggest the particle size distribution within the narrow range of sizes [52,53]. Further, the surface charge also plays an important role in the stability of the colloidal system. The results showed a highly negative zeta potential which means the particles are electrically stabilized that resist the particles aggregation [51].