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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Citrus fruits are produced by the genus Citrus, a flowering plant, belonging to the family Rutaceae. The main citrus fruits are orange, grapefruits, mandarin, pomelo, citron, Lemon, clementine, and tangerine. The three ancestors in the genus Citrus are the mandarin, pomelo, and citron. Almost all the citrus fruits cited here are hybrids of these three ancestors, or with their main progenies. Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C, vitamins B1, B5, folic acid, calcium, potassium, fibers, soluble sugars, and water. They are also high in phytochemicals such as beta-carotene, lutein, flavanones, flavonoids (naringenin), terpenes, citric acid, volatile acids, and so on. Citrus fruits have a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective effects (86–87). In general, citrus fruit is globose to oval, and comprises two distinct parts: the pericarp also called the peel, skin or rind, and the endocarp, or pulp and juice sacs. Citrus peels are subdivided into the epicarp or flavedo (colored peripheral surface with numerous small aromatic oil glands) and mesocarp or albedo (white soft middle layer). Citrus peel, the primary waste, is a good source of molasses, pectin and limonene, and is usually dried, mixed with dried pulps and sold as cattle feed (88). As citrus peel is rich in polyphenols, fibers, vitamins, and essences, it can be used for the preparation of low-cost nutritional dietary supplements (88).
Rifampicin (Rifampin)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
C. Alan, C. Street, Tony M. Korman
The recommended dose for the treatment of tuberculosis is 10 mg/kg (adults) up to a maximum of 600 mg for adults, given once daily, twice weekly, or three times weekly (Blumberg et al., 2003). For patients with a weight of 50 kg or more, 600 mg daily is the usual dose and 450 mg daily for those weighing less than 50 kg. Higher doses (e.g. 1200 mg twice weekly) were previously associated with a higher frequency of side effects (Citron, 1972; Anastasatu et al., 1973). However, higher doses are being re-evaluated for treatment of tuberculosis (see section 5c, Clinically important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, and section 7a, Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection). For the treatment of leprosy, monthly doses of 600 and 1200 mg have been well tolerated.
Germany 1
Published in Arthur Newsholme, International Studies Volume 1, 2015
The municipality has ten consultation centres, at which —unlike in Dr. Citron's centre—treatment of venereal diseases is given, as well as ten centres, of which Dr. Citron's is one, at which no treatment is given. This has been tolerated by the medical profession; but there is strong objection to multiplication of these centres. The opposition is organised through the Gross-Berliner Ärztebund, acting for the doctors, and since May 12, 1929, doctors have been withdrawn from these and from child welfare centres until the municipality consents not to extend treatment at the centres.
Effect of essential oils on pathogenic and biofilm-forming Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Hye-Ran Cho, Sang-Do Ha
Though the mechanisms responsible for EO activity against microorganisms are not completely understood, cell membrane disruption may have occurred owing to the presence of lipophilic products (Millezi et al. 2016). Indeed, it has been reported that EOs can increase the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to the leakage of intracellular material. For example, Zhang et al. (2016) reported the disruption of cell permeability after EO treatment, which increased the loss of electrolytes and eventually led to cell death. Several studies have reported that phenolic compounds in EO from the fingered citron (FCEO, Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) can disrupt the cell membrane, interfere in the cellular energy system, and cause the leakage of internal materials (Bajpai et al. 2012, Burt 2004). Li et al. (2019) also reported that EOs can inactivate bacterial cells by reducing the integrity of the membrane, leading to the loss of nucleic acids and proteins through the membrane. In addition, EOs may weaken mitochondrial membranes; by damaging the mitochondria, free radicals are produced that oxidize lipids, proteins, and DNA (Bakkali et al. 2008).
Biological effects of bergamot and its potential therapeutic use as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Sabrina Adorisio, Isabella Muscari, Alessandra Fierabracci, Trinh Thi Thuy, Maria Cristina Marchetti, Emira Ayroldi, Domenico Vittorio Delfino
Bergamot is very sensitive to pedoclimatic soil conditions, thus, it grows almost exclusively in a narrow coastal area that extends from Reggio Calabria to Locri in the southernmost part of the Italian peninsula, where 95% of global bergamot production is concentrated. This province has one of the best habitats for bergamot, as it is the only known place where both yield and quality of the essence can be optimized (Navarra et al. 2015). The word bergamot may have been derived from the Turkish word ‘beg-a-mudi’, meaning ‘Pears of the Prince’, based on its close resemblance to the bergamot pear, a fruit shown in a 1715 painting by B. Bimbi. Alternatively, it may originate from the city of Bergamo, where bergamot oil was sold for the first time (Rapisarda and Germanò 2013). The exact origin of this Citrus fruit is not known; though the yellow-green color may indicate that it is a derivation by genetic mutation from pre-existing Citrus species, such as the sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and citron (Citrus medica). It has been hypothesized that bergamot originated from the Canary Islands, although other sources suggest China, Greece, or the Spanish city of Berga, from which it was transported to Southern Italy (Navarra et al. 2015; Maruca et al. 2017). Due to its particular fragrance, bergamot was initially used primarily by the perfume industry to produce perfumed waters known as ‘bergamot water’ or ‘cologne water’. In addition, it has been utilized for flavoring by the food and confectionery industries and by the pharmaceutical industry to improve the smell of ointments and medicines, as well as for making toothpaste, hair oils, and cosmetic products (Maruca et al. 2017).
Nano-lipidic formulation and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease via intranasal route
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Shourya Tripathi, Ujala Gupta, Rewati Raman Ujjwal, Awesh K. Yadav
The current treatment approaches involve management with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) antagonist memantine for management of ‘mild to moderate’ and ‘moderate to severe AD’ respectively. However, to date there exist few approved treatments with established disease-modifying effects (Citron 2010). Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) for the management of AD.