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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) (synonym: Vetiveria zizanioides (L)), commonly known as vetiver, is a perennial grass of the Poaceae family, native to India. In western and northern India, it is popularly known as khus. Vetiver can grow up to 1.5 meters high and form clumps as wide. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally spreading, mat-like root systems, vetiver’s roots grow downward, two to four meter in depth. It can be found, either wild or cultivated, in a wide range of areas from highlands to lowlands widely spread in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Central and South America (18).
Medicinal Plants: Future Thrust Areas and Research Directions
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
The of scope bringing cultivable lands under MAPs is limited as the demand for food grains, sugar cane, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, and tubers are increasing. Medicinal plants can very well be accommodated as intercrops in plantations and field crops to derive maximum benefit of limited space, soil moisture, nutrients, and other inputs. Intercropping of one medicinal plant with other or with cereals, vegetables, and fruits, will give extra income without affecting the growth and yield of the target crop. Chickpea was more successful than safflower, linseed, mustard, and wheat intercropped with Senna (Cassia angustifolia) in obtaining better senna herb yield and maximum net return. Growing patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) with French bean is much remunerative over growing patchouli alone when patchouli essential oil equivalent and gross returns are considered. Radish gave more returns with the highest mint oil equivalent yield among various intercrops tried with menthol mint. Growing lentil, a legume as intercrop is highly favorable as this combination over-yields the sole citronella even in terms of yield of citronella oil. Palms, being widely spaced perennial crops, provide excellent scope for intercropping with MAPs. Lemongrass adopts well under coconut shade and yields more than the sole crop. Yield of most of the intercrops kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), makoi (Shorea assamica), medicinal coleus (Coleus forskolin), garden rue (Ruta graveolens), Lepidium (Lepidium spp.), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), arrowroot (Curcuma aromaticum), kacholam (Kaempferia galanga), cowhage (Mucuna pruriens), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) and vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) are reduced due to shade effect. Inter-spaces of black pepper gardens can be effectively utilized for growing MAPs. The rice-wheat rotation with mint has been successfully accomplished over large area growing MAPs. Forests in alpine, sub-alpine, Northwest Himalayas, Afro-mountain areas, humid tropics or temperate regions of Asia offer cultivation scope of highly cherished MAPs. Aromatic grasses like vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanoides), lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) can be grown on-field and soil conservation bunds in croplands in contour strips or as a live hedge barrier. Medicinal trees like amla and bael endure saline and alkaline conditions and are recommended for salt-affected soils. Protected cultivation of MAPs is standardized to save space, moisture, and energy. Vertical farming, hydroponics, and aeroponics of MAPs are practiced in urban and peri-urban areas. In vitro production of active principles of MAPs is successfully achieved and phytochemistry of in vitro metabolites-primary and secondary-is elucidated. There are significant increased harvestable products from MAPs under protected cultivation.
Review of Antimicrobial and Other Health Effects in 5 Essential Oil Producing Grass Species
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
The agar dilution method showed that a vetiver grass root extract was effective against several pathogenic organisms including Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and Candida albicans (Dos Santos et al. 2014). Dos Santos et al. (2014) observed several biochemicals in this vetiver grass root extract including β-vetivenene, khusimol, vetiselinenol, isovalencenol, vetivenic acid, α-vetivone, and β-vetivone. Vetiver grass root extract at 1024 µg/ml has shown to be effective against the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and the main biochemicals were types of sesquiterpenes (Kannappan et al. 2017). Vetiver oil has also been shown to be effective against several gram positive bacterial strains and one Candida glabrata strain (Burger et al. 2017). Interestingly, bacteria may aid in vetiver oil synthesis which could be used to change the oil molecular structure (Del Giudice et al. 2008). Saikia et al. (2012) reported that vetiver grass root extract at a concentration of 500 µg/ml had antituberculosis activity. Combining Santalum spp. and Vetiveria zizanioides (synonym of Chrysopogon zizanioides) oils contributed to antimicrobial activity against wound pathogens (Orchard et al. 2018). Phytoremediation has potential to improve the health properties of contaminated soils by reducing or eliminating toxic metals and organic wastes so that food plants can be grown using vetiver grass (Mirza et al. 2017).
Induced mutation breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits and varietal development in medicinal and aromatic crops at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow (India): past and recent accomplishment
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Raj K. Lal, Chandan S. Chanotiya, Pankhuri Gupta
A number of mutation studies were conducted through gamma radiation over time in 12 medicinal and aromatic plants, viz. black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.), opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and psyllium/isabgol (Plantago ovata F.), CIM Ajar, CIM Nirom, and CIM Sfurti in the Kewanch (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.), pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), and Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) among medicinal plants, and German chamommile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert), rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. ex Aiton), Muskdana (Abelmoschus moschatus), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini var. Motia (Roxb. Wats.), and Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt), Ceylon citronella (Cymbopogon nardus var. nadus), Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud. Wats) among aromatic plants at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow − 226 015, India. No breeding method can rectify some inherent defects in different medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs) so rapidly as mutation breeding could do as done by several research workers in the MACs (Sharma and Singh 1983; Lavania et al. 1985; Annual Reports 1986; Sharma et al. 1986; Misra and Sharma 1990; Misra et al. 1991; Sharma et al. 1992; Lal et al. 1993; Micke 1995; Sharma et al. 1997a, 1997b; Lal et al. 1998b, Lal, Sharma, Misra, 1999; Sharma, Lal, Gupta, et al. 1999; Sharma, Lal, Misra, et al. 1999; Misra et al. 2001).
Acaricidal activities of essential oils against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
S. G. Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma
The leaves of Tagetes minuta L. (Bharmour), Aegle marmelos (L.) (Panchrukhi), Murraya koenigii Spreng (Panchrukhi), Acorus calamus L. (Panchrukhi), Mentha longifolia L. (Huds), Mentha piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson, Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, Cinnamomum campphora (L.) (Palampur) and Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) wood chips (Mandi) were collected during 2012–2013 in different parts of Himachal Pradesh. All the EOs obtained using Clevenger type apparatus through hydro-distillation. Each EO sample dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and placed at 4 °C until used for experiment.