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Metallopharmaceuticals
Published in Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh, Alternative Medicines for Diabetes Management, 2023
Varma H. Rambaran, Nalini K. Singh
Not limiting its treatment to the classic cases of diabetes, we report here a study carried out by Janovic et al. In this study, chromium therapy was administered to a group of 30 women, who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes (20–24 gestational weeks). The study group was divided into three subgroups and given 0, 4, and 8 µg-Cr/kg.bw doses (in the form of CrPic) for 8 weeks. It was reported that chromium supplementation improved glucose intolerance and lowered hyperglycaemia in the treated patients. It was further noted that the group that received the 8 µg of supplement showed a higher degree of improvement relative to that of the group that received the 4 µg treatment. These results led the authors to conclude that “chromium picolinate supplementation may be an adjunctive therapy when dietary strategies are not sufficient to achieve normoglycaemia in women with gestational diabetes” (Jovanovic, Gutierrez and Peterson 1999).
Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Diabetes
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
A review of 15 published, including 11 randomized, controlled studies on the efficacy of chromium picolinate (Crpic) in improving some of the markers of type 2 diabetes revealed that supplementation with Crpic reduced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and requirements for hyperglycemic medication.190 In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with metabolic syndrome (obese and non-diabetic), the efficacy of Crpic on insulin sensitivity to glucose was evaluated. The results showed that after 16 weeks of treatment, there was no significant change in insulin sensitivity index, body weight, serum lipids, or markers of oxidative stress and inflammation between the control and treated groups. However, Crpic treatment increased acute insulin response to glucose.191 This study has no conflict with the above studies, because all the above studies were performed in type 2 patients. It is possible that the mechanisms of action of Crpic in diabetic patients and obese non-diabetic subjects are, in part, different.
Additional Supplements That Support Glycemic Control and Reduce Chronic Inflammation
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The molecular agent responsible for transporting chromium from mobile pools to insulin-sensitive cells is probably the metal transport protein, transferrin. Chromium from the popular dietary supplement, chromium picolinate, enters cells via a different mechanism. Parenthetically, the release of chromium from chromium picolinate for use in cells requires reduction of the chromic center, a process that can potentially lead to the formation of harmful hydroxyl radicals (Vincent. 2000).
A review of mammalian in vivo genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium: implications for oral carcinogenicity risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Chad M. Thompson, Marilyn J. Aardema, Melissa M. Heintz, James T. MacGregor, Robert R. Young
Evidence for the oral carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) stems primarily from a National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year cancer bioassay where B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats were exposed to 5-180 ppm Cr(VI) in drinking water in the form of sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD) (NTP 2008). Mice exhibited cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation (termed diffuse epithelial hyperplasia, DEH) in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) at ≥5 ppm and significantly increased incidence of adenomas and carcinomas in the proximal small intestine at ≥30 ppm (Figure 1(A)). In rats, squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa—primarily originating in the palate adjacent to the upper molar teeth—were significantly increased at 180 ppm (Figure 1(B)). For context, environmental monitoring data indicate that the median and 95th percentile Cr(VI) concentrations in U.S. drinking water sources are 0.001 and 0.003 ppm, respectively (U.S. EPA 2017); a state-by-state analysis of Cr(VI) levels is shown at: cr6study.info1. The current maximum contaminant level (MCL) for Cr(VI) in drinking water is 0.1 ppm (U.S. EPA 1991). In contrast to Cr(VI), a two-year feed study with trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] in the form of chromium picolinate found no neoplastic effects in rats2 or mice at exposures up to 50000 ppm in diet (Stout et al. 2009; NTP 2010).
Investigational drugs for the treatment of binge eating disorder (BED): an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2019
Jose C. Appolinario, Antonio E. Nardi, Susan L. McElroy
Chromium treatment has been reported to be associated with improvements in mood, appetite, and glucose regulation in various psychiatric [109] and medical patient populations [110]. It was hypothesized that Chromium enhances insulin and may also acts on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission [111]. Insulin exerts an important role on central control of food intake and energy homeostasis, and serotonin and dopamine are involved in the regulation of some proposed pathophysiological pathways of BED. Chromium picolinate was investigated in a small randomized placebo-controlled trial where 24 overweight participants with BED (NCT00904306) were enrolled to receive either 1000 mcg chromium/day (‘high dose’; n = 8) or 600 mcg chromium/day (‘moderate dose’; n = 9) as chromium picolinate or placebo (n = 7). The authors reported that fasting glucose was significantly reduced in both chromium groups compared to the placebo [112]. A numerically, but not significantly, greater reductions in binge frequency, weight, and symptoms of depression were observed in those treated with chromium versus placebo; however, it was considered that the study was underpowered to detect these changes.
No association between blood count levels and whole-blood cobalt and chromium levels in 1,900 patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Noora Honkasaari, Olli Lainiala, Outi Laine, Aleksi Reito, Antti Eskelinen
To our knowledge there are no case reports or studies concerning abnormal platelet values that would have been linked to implant metals. An in vitro study concerning CoCr stent materials stated that platelets adhere to and are activated by CoCr (Ollivier et al. 2017). 1 case report presented a patient with thrombocytopenia and anemia after orally ingesting a large amount of chromium picolinate (including trivalent Cr, resulting in peak Cr of 6.5 µg/L) used to enhance weight loss and to improve glycemic control (Cerulli et al. 1998). Thrombocytopenia has also been described after ingestion of chromium acid (including hexavalent Cr) mixed in a drink with homicidal intentions (Quaiser et al. 2014). We did not observe an association between implant metals and platelet count.