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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chondroitin sulfate is a natural polymer that belongs to the glycosaminoglycans family of macromolecules with a high molecular weight (10,000–50,000 Da) that is a component of cartilage and connective tissue (Maccari et al., 2010; Konovalova et al., 2019; EC Huskisson, 2008). Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharide molecules that are polymers of disaccharide units made up of various monosaccharides. The structure of glycosaminoglycan compounds, which is frequently dominated by disaccharide compounds, is more stressed in their categorization (Wikanta et al., 2002). There are several kinds of glycosaminoglycans, which are typically classified into four categories: (1) hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan, (2) keratan sulfate, (3) heparan sulfate/heparin and (4) chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (Krichen et al., 2018).
Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
GlcN and chondroitin sulfate are commonly used to treat pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate exhibits antiarthritic activity and has been shown to reduce joint pain as well as enhance joint mobility. Biolane is a GAG-metalloprotease product and is utilized for normal tissue remodeling (Mutalipassi et al., 2021).
Osteoarthritis
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
David Musnick, Richard D. Batson
Other than mild gastrointestinal distress, the incidence of adverse effects with chondroitin sulfate is extremely low. Chondroitin is typically extracted from bovine trachea and concern has been expressed about the potential risk of contamination by animals infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or “mad cow disease”). There are currently no documented cases of such contamination and risk of transmission is thought to be low. Low molecular weight CS is made from shellfish sources. Vegetarian patients should be informed of the bovine or shellfish origin of chondroitin products.
Shark Cartilage Supplement Labeling Practices and Compliance with U.S. Regulations
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Rachel B. Isaacs, Rosalee S. Hellberg
A total of 20 of the 29 shark cartilage products contained at least one type of claim (Table 1). Structure/function claims were the most common type of claim and were found in 12 products. The most common types of structure/function claims were those associated with joint or bone health, including reduction of inflammation, swelling, and pain (Table 1). Two products mentioned the promotion of skeletal health in association with high calcium content (S04 and S27) and one product claimed to support bone health (S04). Among the products (n = 10) that contained structure/function claims associated with joint health, three products (S26, S28, and S31) specifically mentioned an association between chondroitin sulfate and joint health; two (S04, S27) mentioned the ability of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to “lubricate and cushion joints against shock”; and the remaining five (S14, S18, S25, S33, and S34) mentioned general joint health, reduction of joint inflammation, and/or relief of pain and stiffness with inflamed joints without specifying the responsible ingredient. An additional product (S20) claimed that the product was intended for nutritional support, but did not explain further. Four products contained claims of general well-being (S24, S25, S32, and S34), which are considered separate from structure/function claims (FDA 2018e). In addition to containing claims associated with well-being and joint and bone health, one sample (S25) also claimed to enhance immune system health and support vision.
Pharmacotherapeutic considerations and options for the management of osteoarthritis in women
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Sunny Trivedi, William Fang, Ishan Ayyalasomayajula, C. Thomas Vangsness
Symptomatic slow-acting drugs for OA or SYSADOAs have better safety profiles compared to aforementioned pharmaceuticals [117,118] and are typically chondroprotective substances that are designed to provide symptomatic relief by targeting the causes of OA [119]. These SYSADOAs include compounds such as cartilaginous matrix precursors (hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and glucosamine), and cytokine modulators (diacerein). The cartilaginous matrix precursors are compounds that contain repeating disaccharides and other nutritional supplements [117] designed to delay, stabilize, and treat the destructive changes in the joint, limiting the progression of OA. However, many of these compounds have faced healthy skepticism from the medical community, questioning their effectiveness. Several SYSADOAs compounds including glucosamine and diacerein have shown significant improvement in symptomatic relief in patient’s knee OA when compared to placebo in a meta analysis [119]. A randomized double blind control trial, demonstrated that chondroitin sulfate plus glucosamine hydrochloride had comparable efficacy to celecoxib [120]. Another randomized trial showed that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate’s effects were only substantial in the subgroup of patients with moderate to severe pain, but did not significantly reduce pain overall [121]. Conversely, there is also published concern about the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine, with studies showing there to be no effect over placebo in a randomized clinical trial [122].
Bridging pharmacotherapy and minimally invasive surgery in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome treatment
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Athanasios E. Dellis, Athanasios G. Papatsoris
At present, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment options include PPS orally administered and intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). On the contrary, according to the EAU Guidelines there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of DMSO [5], while in Europe there are several formulations of chondroitin sulfate (CS) available commercially for IC/BPS intravesical therapy [11]. The main drawback of oral therapies is that only 1–3% of the drug reaches the bladder [12] and in case of intravesical therapies, there is a need for intermittent catheterizations (CISC) which might be painful and bear the risk of UTI, although they establish high concentrations with few systemic side effects [13]. Especially regarding CISC, since the use of 100 U of BTX to treat IC/BPS, only a very low percentage (up to 2%) of patients either suffer from urine retention or need CISC [14].