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Retinoids in Keratinization Disorders
Published in Ayse Serap Karadag, Berna Aksoy, Lawrence Charles Parish, Retinoids in Dermatology, 2019
This uncommon X-linked recessive disorder occurs only in boys, although girl carriers can have or show mild desquamation. The lifelong condition affects about 1/2000–6000 boys with steroid sulfatase enzyme deficiency. Accumulation of cholesterol sulfate can result in retention hyperkeratosis. Lesions appear in the first year of life. There are larger and darker scales, particularly in flexural regions and to a lesser extent the extensor areas; however, palmoplantar regions are unaffected. Asymptomatic ocular opacities may appear in half of men and some female carriers. In laboratory analysis, cholesterol sulfate levels are increased, with elevated mobility of β-lipoproteins on electrophoresis. Steroid sulfatase enzyme levels are diminished or absent (14,15).
The Role of Light and Electromagnetic Fields in Maintaining Vascular Health
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
But perhaps the most important sulfate transporter in the body is the sterol, cholesterol, essential for mammalian life. Cholesterol is not found in plants, and it can in fact be likened to chlorophyll in importance: cholesterol is what gives animals mobility and a nervous system. Cholesterol sulfate is known to be present in the blood in relatively high concentrations, but there seems to be remarkably little interest in understanding its role there. Cholesterol sulfate is synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight, along with vitamin D sulfate. It forms an important part of the skin barrier which keeps microbes out. The skin is also believed to be the most important supplier of cholesterol sulfate to the blood [9].
Metabolic Approach to Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft, Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2002
Peter M. Elias, Kenneth R. Feingold, Janice Tsai, Carl Thornfeldt, Gopinathan Menon
Recent studies have demonstrated a barrier abnormality in RXLI (40). Activity of steroid sulfatase, a close relative of arylsulfatase C, is absent in RXLI (39). This microsomal enzyme, which is expressed in high levels in the outer epidermis of mammals (38), hydrolyzes the sulfate moiety from the 3-β-hydroxy group on a variety of sterols and steroids. Cholesterol sulfate, in addition to its apparent roles in desquamation and differentiation, also plays an important negative role in barrier homeostasis. Recent studies have shown accumulation of cholesterol sulfate detrimental to the barrier, and that cholesterol sulfate degradation does not contribute significantly to the cholesterol pool required for the barrier (40). Thus the role of steroid sulfatase as a processing enzyme is primarily to prevent an accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the SC interstices.
The potential for metabolomics in the study and treatment of major depressive disorder and related conditions
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Antepartum depression is a non-psychotic depression that occurs primarily during pregnancy, and approximately 13% of pregnant women are affected in high-income countries, whereas approximately 25% of pregnant women are in low-income countries [103,104]. Mitro et al. [105] analyzed 307 plasma metabolites in 100 pregnant Peruvian women by LC-MS and found no metabolite that was significantly associated with antepartum suicidal ideation or antepartum depression, after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. However, a plasma lipidomics study showed that cholesterol sulfate and phosphatidylcholines (PC) (18:2 (2E, 4E)/0:0) have the potential to serve as predictive lipidic biomarkers for antenatal depression [106]. These findings suggested that the results from metabolomics studies should be interpreted with caution. A comparison of the serum metabolite levels between patients with post-partum depression (PPD) and controls demonstrated that glutathione-disulfide, adenylosuccinate, and ATP, which are involved in the energy production pathway, oxidative stress, and nucleotide biosynthesis, were all increased in the PPD group [107].
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: the current landscape
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Hanan S. Anbar, Zahraa Isa, Jana J. Elounais, Mariam A. Jameel, Joudi H. Zib, Aya M. Samer, Aya F. Jawad, Mohammed I. El-Gamal
STS gene is located on the X chromosome (Xp22.31) which it reaches 146 kb, includes 10 exons, and encodes a protein of 583 amino acids [25]. Furthermore, STS is the only enzyme that act on the hydrolysis of steroid sulfates. The sulfates that are hydrolyzed to their unconjugated forms are E1S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cholesterol sulfate, and pregnenolone sulfate (unconjugated forms: estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), cholesterol, and pregnenolone, respectively)[26].
A facile one-step jet-milling approach for the preparation of proliposomal dry powder for inhalation as effective delivery system for anti-TB therapeutics
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Teerapol Srichana, Fredrick Nwude Eze, Ekawat Thawithong
It has been previously established that particles within the size range of 200–600 nm can be efficiently taken up by viable macrophages, while larger particles could be bactericidal to the extracellular pathogens [28,46]. Thus, to understand how the prepared LDPI formulations will interact with AM and the infectious bacteria, it was necessary to determine their hydrodynamic sizes. Rojanarat et al., had in the past observed that levofloxacin liposomes with hydrodynamic size of 563.1 ± 18.6 and 1005.3 ± 63.7 nm were capable of diminishing the viability of Mycobacterium bovis resident in AM [28]. Similarly, Kanchan and Panda noted that macrophages revealed uptake and intracellular localization of microparticles with sizes ranging 200–600 nm. The reconstituted anti-TB liposomes prepared from the formulated LDPIs in the present study was within the size range (Table 2) previously observed by Kanchan and Panda as well as Rojanarat et al. [28,46]. Therefore, upon contact with lung fluid, it is likely that the formulated LDPI would be properly reconstituted in situ to liposomes capable of mediating effective antibacterial action against both extracellular and intracellular M. tuberculosis resident in the AM. And given the large absolute Zeta potential values, it can be inferred that the prepared proliposomes possess relatively high level of stability. In addition, the Zeta potential values of the particles were also measured. Zeta potential is a theoretical value associated with the electrostatic potential of a charged particle surface [47]. The absolute Zeta potential value is widely used as a predictor of nanoparticle stability in colloidal milieus. While there was no clear distinction in the Zeta potential values due to the different techniques, a clear difference in the Zeta potential values was noticed for the reconstituted powder formulations with or without the lipids. That is, but for RIF-LDPI/JM (–12.3 mV), the absolute Zeta potential values of the lipid-containing DPI formulations were more than two times those of their lipid-free counterparts (Table 2). This increase can be attributed to the presence of cholesterol sulfate, which contributes its negative charge to the LDPI with a consequent increase in the stability of the formulation.